Cucumbers and muskmelons (genus Cucumis) and watermelons (genus Citrullus) are related crops of tropical origin that have similar cultural requirements. All three are tender, warm season vegetables that will not tolerate chilling or soil temperatures below 55°F. Having a good rotation plan is particularly important for these crops, as they are susceptible to several soilborne pathogens such as Phytophthora blight, scab and angular leaf spot.
Cucumber types include pickling (short, with spines), slicing (long, with spines), and beit alpha types (long, with tender spineless skins). Muskmelons have orange, musky flesh, and are the most common type of melon grown in New England. Specialty melons with white or green flesh include casaba, crenshaw and honeydew types. Watermelons exhibit a range of flesh colors (red, yellow, orange) and both seeded and seedless varieties are available.
| Cucumber, Muskmelon, and Watermelon Varieties | |
|---|---|
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Pickling Cucumber
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Slicing Cucumber
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Alibi (50) – CMV, PM, S
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Bristol (54) – A, ALS, CMV, DM, PM, S
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Citadel (52) – A, ALS, CMV, DM, PM, S
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Dasher II (58) - A, ALS, CMV, PM, S
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Eureka (57) - A, ALS, CMV, PM, PV
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General Lee (66) – CMV, PM, S
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Supremo (56) - A, ALS, CMV, PM, PV, S
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Intimidator (61) - A, ALS, CMV, PM, S
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Vlasstar (52) - A, Al, CMV, PM, S
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Marketmore 76 (58) - CMV, PM, S, OP
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Speedway (56) - A, ALS, CMV, PM, S
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Protected Culture/High Tunnel Cucumber
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Corinto (slicing - 48) – CMV, PM, P
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Specialty Melon
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Excelsior (pickling - 50) – ALS, CMV, PM, S, P
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Diplomat (71) - PM
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Katrina (beit alpha - 49) - CMV, PM, S, P
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Passport (70) |
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Lisboa (slicing - 45) – CMV, PM, S, P
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San Juan (78) - F012, PM
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| Noykya (slicing - 55) - PM |
Sun Jewel (68) – DM, PM
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Socrates (beit alpha - 52) - PM, S, P
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Tyria (beit alpha - 56) – PM, S, P
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Muskmelon
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Unistars (pickling - 42) – PM, S, P
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Athena (79) - F012, PM
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| Divergent (75) - F012, PM | |
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Watermelon - Seeded
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Goddess (68) – F012, PM
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Crimson Sweet (85) - A, F012, OP
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Gold Star (87) - F012
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Sugar Baby (80) - OP
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Halona (73) - F012, PM |
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Sangria (87) – F1, A
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Sarah's Choice (76) - F012, PM
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Sugar Cube (80) - F, PM, PV |
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Wrangler (76) - F012, PM |
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Watermelon - Seedless
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Gypsy (82) - A
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Sorbet (80) – A, F01
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The number in parentheses is the approximate number of days to maturity from seeding. Resistant or tolerant to: A: Anthracnose; ALS: Angular Leaf Spot, DM: Downy Mildew (current races only), CMV: Cucumber Mosaic Virus, F: Fusarium (races indicated where known), PM: Powdery Mildew, PV: Potyviruses, S: Scab OP: open-pollinated, P: Parthenocarpic (sets fruit without pollination) |
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Soils that warm up quickly in the spring are preferred over heavier soils that remain cool. Muskmelon should be grown on very well-drained soil for optimum quality. Raised beds provide additional benefits. The soil should be fertile and high in organic matter. On sandy soils, irrigation is necessary. In non-irrigated fields, apply the lower rates of fertilizer recommended.
Apply lime according to soil test to maintain soil pH at 6.0-6.8. Watermelon can tolerate pH as low as 5.5. If the fertilizer cannot be banded at planting, add the band fertilizer amount to preplant broadcast application. If growing plants on plastic mulch, nitrogen can be applied through trickle or overhead irrigation or sidedressed along the edge of the plastic mulch. Nitrogen under the plastic mulch is protected from leaching. Foliar feeding rate is 8-10 lb actual N (4-5 lb urea) per acre. Wet foliage is conducive to disease development, so avoid foliar feeding after the 5 leaf stage.
If using transplants, use of a liquid starter fertilizer at planting time is beneficial. This is especially true with cool soil conditions because P uptake by plants is slow in colder soils. Although the specific analysis of the product is not critical, starter fertilizers usually contain higher amounts of P. Follow the recommend mixing rates on the product.
| CUCUMBERS, MUSKMELONS, AND WATERMELON* | NITROGEN (N) LB PER ACRE | PHOSPHORUS (P) LB P2O5 PER ACRE | POTASSIUM (K) LB K2O PER ACRE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soil Test Results | Very Low | Low | Optimum | Above Optimum | Very Low | Low | Optimum | Above Optimum | |
| Broadcast and Incorporate(Transplants) | 50 | 110 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 150 | 90 | 0-40 | 0 |
| Band-Place when Direct Seeding** | 20-40 | 40 | 40 | 25-50 | 0 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 0 |
| Sidedress When Vines Start to Run*** | 20-40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| TOTAL RECOMMENDED | 80-130 | 150 | 100 | 25-50 | 0 | 180 | 120 | 30-70 | 0 |
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* Watermelon requires a maximum of 100 lbs/A of N; excessive N may cause hollow heart in seedless varieties.
** For direct-seeded cucumbers. For melon transplants, add the band fertilizer amount to pre-plant broadcast application. Total N and K2O in the band should not exceed 5.5 lb./1000' of row. Banded P2O5 may not be of benefit in warm soils.
*** Sidedressing may not be necessary when using plastic mulch, or if organic matter can supply sufficient N; repeat sidedress in 2 to 3 weeks
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Cucumbers may be direct seeded or transplanted. Because of the long season required for muskmelon and watermelon, transplants are used. Transplants are preferred for early crops. The plants should be about 3 weeks old, with just 1-2 true leaves, at transplanting time. Older transplants that have begun to run are difficult to handle and suffer greater transplant shock.
Recommended spacing for slicing cucumbers, muskmelons and watermelons is 2' between plants and 6' between rows. Pickling cucumbers should be direct seeded to 6-8" between plants and 3-6' between rows, depending on the cultivar. Most cultivars should be planted at 3' between rows.
Seedless watermelons require special growing conditions. Seedless cultivars are sterile because they are triploid, and this negatively affects their germination ability. They require high temperatures (85-95°F) during germination, and excess soil moisture should be avoided. To ensure fruit set, a diploid (seeded) or a “pollenizer”, variety must be planted among seedless watermelons in a ratio of at least 1 pollenizer to 3 seedless plants. Growers have moved to using “pollenizer” varieties because they produce a large amount of male flowers with viable pollen, are less competitive and take up less field space than diploids (seeded) varieties. Different pollinizer configurations can be used successfully; however, placing pollenizers in row with seedless varieties at like spacing or interplanting pollinizers between every 3rd and 4th seedless plant tends to promote better yields compared to dedicating separate rows of pollinizers. The later may be done for growing triploid (seedless) and diploid (seeded) varieties within the same field.
In some growing seasons, vine crops that have recently been transplanted or have just germinated suddenly wilt and die. Most often, this situation occurs just following a period of 4-5 days of rainy or cloudy weather. Without sunshine, soil temperatures drop below 55-60°F. At these soil temperatures the plant roots cannot absorb water from the soil. Consequently, when the sun does reappear, water transpires from the leaves much more rapidly than the roots absorb water, resulting in sudden wilting and death. There is no control for this problem, except to attempt to manipulate planting around weather forecasts. Earlier planting dates increase the likelihood of this problem.
Early and total yields are increased with black plastic mulch. For summer plantings when day time temperatures are 85°F or greater, more growers are using white plastic mulch to avoid high soil temperatures that develop under black plastic and cause sunburn or crop loss on delicate transplants. Before the plastic is laid, be sure the soil is fertilized and the soil surface is smooth. The plastic should fit snugly against the surface. Do not lay plastic on dry soil; either irrigate or wait for rain to ensure the soil is moist prior to laying the mulch. In conjunction with plastic mulching, using hoops and spunbonded row covers will provide earlier and higher yields, while also helping to control insects such as striped cucumber beetle. Apply the covers at the time of planting and leave on until the time for pollination by bees (bloom). These crops can withstand high temperatures under the covers. A sufficient number of pollinating insects should be present to insure adequate fruit set in cucumber and melons. One strong hive of honeybees per acre as flowers just begin to open is recommended.
For greenhouse or tunnel production, growers may choose to use varieties that are parthenocarpic, meaning that they set fruit without pollination. Other types can be grown, but will require pollination which could be prevented or limited by the structure and other exclusion techniques employed for pest management. However, if parthenocarpic varieties are pollinated, fruit quality is reduced. In more open high tunnel structures where pollinators are likely to visit, it may be better to use gynoecious varieties, which produce mostly female flowers.
In high tunnel systems, cucumbers are best trellised to use space efficiently, promote an easier harvest and encourage airflow. This can be done by using netting (commonly used with unpruned field types) or by wrapping or clipping to strings (similar to high tunnel tomato production). High tunnel cucumbers can be pruned back to one or two leaders in these systems and subsequent pruning is needed on a regular basis to remove future lateral branches, known as suckers. Cucumbers are vigorous plants and often exceed the height of the trellis system. Growers have managed this by heading the top of the plant above a node and allowing two lateral branches to develop and grow down in an “umbrella” system. Other growers simply allow the single or double leaders to hang and grow back down.
High tunnel cucumbers have been grown successfully with various spacings. A common spacing is using 18-24” in-row spacing on beds with single rows. However, beds with single rows using 12” in-row spacing and beds with double rows using staggered 24” spacing have both been used. Between-row spacing should be 4-6 feet. Match spacing with needs, varieties and management systems.
Cucumber. Harvest on a regular basis (2-4 times per week) to obtain a maximum number of fruits. Cucumbers are sensitive to chilling injury; optimum storage temperature is 50-55°F.
Muskmelon. Melons change color as they ripen, generally taking on a yellow hue. Harvest cantaloupe and galia-types from half- to full-slip, when the melon receptacle becomes corky and a slight push of the stem will cause the melon to separate from the vine. At half-slip they are less ripe and shelf life is increased, but some flavor may be compromised.
Only well-netted cantaloupes should be harvested; fruits with poor netting have generally been stunted in growth and lack good flavor. Other muskmelon-types require different harvesting techniques which can be specific to individual varieties. Generally, honeydews lose their fuzzy feel and must be cut from the vine at peak ripeness. Canary and crenshaws are harvested at forced-slip. Hold muskmelons for 1-2 days at 70°F for final ripening; for longer periods of storage, maintain a temperature of 50-55°F. Long shelf life (LSL) or ‘harper’ style melons have been bred to hold for controlled pick harvests.
Watermelon. Varieties vary in maturity indicators. The proper time to harvest must be learned by experience (and perhaps by wasting a few fruits). Dried (brown) tendrils and ground spots are two generally reliable indicators of ripeness. When the tendril on the vine at the juncture of the fruit stem turns brown, the watermelon is close to maturity. A bright yellow ground spot on the underside of the fruit also indicates maturity. The thumping method to identify ripe melons can work, after some experience is developed. Store watermelons at 50-55°F.
NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.
The symbol OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.
PESTICIDE USE IN GREENHOUSES AND HIGH TUNNELS:
Pesticides can be used on high tunnel and greenhouse crops if: 1) the crop and pest/disease is on the label, AND the products specifically says it can be used in the greenhouse; OR 2) the crop and pest/disease is on the label, AND the product is ‘silent’ about use in the greenhouse in the greenhouse. Products that specifically prohibit greenhouse use cannot be used in greenhouses or high tunnels regardless of the crops or pests/diseases listed on the label.
Plant only certified disease-free seed. Rotate out of cucurbits for at least 2 years. Control all weeds, especially volunteer cucurbits. Collect and burn or plow down deeply all infected crop debris after harvest. Grow cultivars with resistance if available. Avoid wounding fruit during harvesting. Immerse fruit in clean and fresh water containing a post-harvest sanitizer. Chemical control can be obtained through a regular spray program of eradicant or protective fungicides. Coverage of leaf undersides and fruit is crucial to success.
azoxystrobin (Quadris): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.
azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 3.2 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M05. See label for tank mix precautions.
azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole (Quadris Top): 10.0 to 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.
boscalid (Endura): 6.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. Not labeled for anthracnose.
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.5 to 3.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05. Bravo WS can cause injury to watermelon fruit; see label.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12.
difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3 & 9. Apply in sufficient volume to achieve thorough coverage.
famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Tank mix with an appropriate contact fungicide with a different mode of action. Not labeled for black rot.
fenamidone (Reason 500 SC): 5.5 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides. For Alternaria only.
fluopyram plus tebuconazole (Luna Experience): 6.0 to 17.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 3. Watermelon only.
mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.6 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03. Some cantaloupe varieties are sensitive.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01.
penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 12.0 to 16.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 7. Not labeled for anthracnose.
polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
potassium bicarbonate (MilStopOG): 2.5 to 5.0 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. See label for small volume application rates.
pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11.
pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (Pristine): 12.5 to 18.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 &7. Do not make more than one application of Pristine before alternating with a non-Group 11 fungicide.
thiophanate methyl (Topsin M 70WP): For anthracnose and black rot only, 0.5 lb/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 1. The repeated exclusive use of Topsin M may lead to buildup of resistant strains of fungi and loss of disease control.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis infects only members of the cucurbit family and is an obligate parasite. Its survival depends on the presence of living cucurbit hosts, either in climates which permit their growth year round or in greenhouse culture. The source of primary inoculum in cold climates is windblown sporangia from areas where plants survive the cold season. Generally, downy mildew of cucurbits does not arrive in southern New England until September. However, in some seasons it can move up the eastern seaboard early and arrive in July. The progress of downy mildew is tracked by the North American Plant Disease Forecast Center and warnings issued based on disease progression and weather (http://cdm.ipmpipe.org/). Physiological specialization occurs in P. cubensis and at least 5 pathotypes have been described. Cucumber and melon are susceptible to all pathotypes, while squash and pumpkin cultivars vary in their reactions. Spread of downy mildew within a field can be by air currents, rain splash, workers, and tools. The main means of control are fungicide applications, the use of resistant cultivars, and cultural practices. Maximum control can be achieved only with a combination of these measures. Maximize the distance from potential inoculum sources. Use plant spacing which reduces the density of the plant canopy and avoid overhead irrigation. Both these practices are aimed at minimizing the length of leaf wetness periods. Some commercial cultivars of cucumber have good levels of resistance to downy mildew. Watermelon and melon cultivars are available with low levels of resistance. Squash and pumpkin cultivars are resistant to some pathotypes but are very susceptible to compatible pathotypes.
ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 45 and 40.
azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 3.2 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M05. See label for tank mix precautions.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickelOG): 0.25 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM02. Disease suppression only. For improved control; mix or rotate with a chemical fungicide.
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.5 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
cyazofamid (Ranman 400 SC): 2.1 to 2.75 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Alternate sprays of Ranman with a fungicide with a different mode of action.
cymoxanil (Curzate 60 DF): 3.2 to 5.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 27. Use only in combination of a labeled rate of a protectant fungicide (copper, chlorothalonil, mancozeb).
dimethomorph (Forum): 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 40. Apply only in combination with a labeled rate of another non-group 40 fungicide. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Forum before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Tank mix with an appropriate contact fungicide with a different mode of action.
fenamidone (Reason 500 SC): 5.5 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.
fluazinam (Omega 500F): 12.0 to 24.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d and 30d (see label), REI 12h, Group 29. See label for restrictions.
fluopicolide (Presidio): 3.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 43. A tank mix with another labeled fungicide with a different mode of action (FRAC #) must be used for resistance management.
fosetyl- Al (Aliette WDG): 2.0 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 12d, REI 24h, Group P7. Do not tank mix with copper products or apply in a spray solution with a pH less than 6.0.
mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.6 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01.
mancozeb plus zoxamide (Gavel 75DF): 1.5 to 2.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & 22. Apply preventively to control downy mildew. Do not tank mix with other fungicides if the target pest is only downy mildew.
oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Ultra): 5.5 to 8.0 fl.oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 49 & 40. Begin foliar application prior to disease development. Use higher rate when disease is present.
phosphorous acid (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/20.0 gal (foliar); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P7. Do not apply to plants that are heat or moisture stressed. Do not apply directly to copper treated plants within 20-day interval to avoid plant injury. See label for other application methods and additional restrictions.
propamocarb HCl (Previcur Flex): 1.2 pt/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 28. Alternate with a contact fungicide (copper, chlorothalonil, sulfur).
Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (RegaliaOG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P5. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific application methods and restrictions
zoxamide + chlorothalonil (Zing!): 30.0 to 36.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 22 & M05.
Phytophthora capsici cannot be managed by fungicide applications alone; successful disease control is achieved only by a season-long effort to manage water and other cultural practices. The single most effective way to control this disease is to prevent its movement into clean fields by equipment, humans, or infested water. Plant susceptible crops (tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, and all cucurbit species; lima beans have also been reported as susceptible) in fields that have no history of this disease and are well-drained. Plant non-vining crops on raised beds, avoid planting in low areas where water puddles, and improve drainage by sub-soiling after heavy rain events. Promptly disk under small areas where the disease appears along with a border of healthy appearing plants. Avoid working in wet fields and compacting the soil.
ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 45 & 40.
cyazofamid (Ranman 400 SC): 2.75 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Addition of a surfactant improves effectiveness when disease pressure is severe. Alternate sprays of Ranman with a fungicide with a different mode of action. Observe a 30-day plant back interval for crops not on label.
dimethomorph (Forum): 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 40. Apply only in combination with a labeled rate of another non-group 40 fungicide. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Forum before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 to 10.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Suppression ONLY. Foliar or fruit phase ONLY. Tank mix with an appropriate contact fungicide. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.
fluazinam (Omega 500F): 12.0 to 24.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d & 30d (see label), REI 12h, Group 29. See label for restrictions.
fluopicolide (Presidio): 3.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 43. A tank mix with another labeled fungicide with a different mode of action is required.
fosetyl Al (Aliette WDG): 2.0 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 12d, REI 24h, Group P7. Do not tank mix with copper compounds. Mixing Aliette with surfactants or foliar fertilizers is not recommended. Use the high rate when Phytophthora blight is active.
oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Ultra): 5.5 to 8.0 fl.oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Groups 49 & 40. Begin foliar application prior to disease development.
phosphorous acid (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/20.0 gal (foliar); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P7. Do not apply to plants that are heat or moisture stressed. Do not apply directly to copper treated plants within 20-day interval to avoid plant injury. See label for other application methods and additional restrictions.
Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (RegaliaOG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P5. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific application methods and restrictions.
Fungicides should be applied at the first sign of disease (or earlier with some products). Begin scouting for powdery mildew at fruit initiation. On cucurbits, powdery mildew fungi attack both the top and bottom of the leaf, and this makes the disease more difficult to control with non-systemic fungicides. However, powdery mildew fungi tend to become resistant to systemic fungicides such as Topsin-M (Group 1); Cabrio, Flint Extra, Quadris and Sovran (Group 11). Resistance to Group1 and Group 11 fungicides have resulted in the removal of these classes of fungicides from recommendations, with the exception of Pristine which is a combination product. Resistance to the DMI fungicides (Rally, Procure) is also widespread; use Rally or Procure at the high labeled rate only. The most effective contact fungicides are sulfur, mineral oil, and chlorothalonil. Begin applying fungicides when powdery mildew is at a low level (threshold is 1 of 50 old leaves with symptoms on either leaf surface) or on a preventative schedule for fields not scouted; do not begin using mobile fungicides when disease is widespread. A seven-day interval is recommended.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickelOG): 0.25 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM02. Disease suppression only. For improved control; mix or rotate with a chemical fungicide.
boscalid (Endura): 6.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. Suppression only.
botanical extract (EcoswingOG): 1.5 to 5.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM01.
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 2.0 to 3.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05. Use caution when applying to watermelon. See label for restrictions.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12.
cyflufenamid (Torino): 3.4 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group U6.
difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 9.
fluopyram plus tebuconazole (Luna Experience): 6.0 to 17.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 3. Watermelon only.
flutriafol (Rhyme 2.08 SC): 5.0 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3.
mineral oil (JMS Stylet-oilOG): 3.0 to 6.0 qt/100.0 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC.
metrafenone (Vivando): 10.3 to 15.4 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 50.
potasium dihydrogen phosphate (Nutrol): 10.0 to 20.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P7.
myclobutanil (Rally): 2.5 to 5.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group 3.
penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 12.0 to 16.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 7.
polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
potassium bicarbonate (KaligreenOG): 2.5 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group NC. Not labeled for muskmelon. See label.
quinoxyfen (Quintec): 4.0 to 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 13. Melon only. Alternate with other effective fungicides at their recommended rates and spray intervals.
sulfur (Microthiol DisperssOG): 5.0 to 10.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group M02. Sulfur can injure plants, especially when temperatures reach 90° F. Do not apply to sulfur sensitive varieties.
triflumizole (Procure 480SC): 4.0 to 8.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. Alternate with a protectant fungicide (copper, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, sulfur).
triflumizole (Trionic 4 SC): 2.0 to 4.0 fl oz/100 gal.; PHI 1d, REI 12, Group 3. Apply only as foliar spray. See label for surfactant recommendation. Labeled for greenhouse use.
Scab is a significant problem for summer and winter squash, pumpkin, melon, and watermelon. Resistant cultivars of cucumber are widely available. The pathogen survives in the soil on infected crop debris, may be seedborne, and is capable of saprophytic growth. Rotate with non-cucurbit crops for 2 to 3 years. Select sites with well-drained soil and good air movement for rapid drying of foliage and fruit. Avoid overhead irrigation and dense plant canopies. Fungicide sprays may not be effective during extended cool, wet weather due to the short disease cycle of this pathogen.
acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard 50 WG): 0.5 to 2.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12 h, Group P1. For surpression only.
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05. Use caution when applying to watermelon. See label for restrictions.
mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.6 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01.
polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
Buy treated seed. Do not use treated seed for food, feed or oil purposes.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickelOG): 0.01 to 0.4 fl oz/100,000 seeds; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02.
fludioxonil (Maxim 4 FS): 0.08 to 0.16 fl oz/100 lb seed; REI 12h, Group 12. For protection against seed and soil-borne fungi.
mefenoxam (Apron XL SC): 0.085 to 0.64 fl oz/lb seed; REI 48h, Group 4. For Pythium damping-off protection.
thiram (Thiram SC): 4.5 fl oz/100 lb seed; REI 12h, Group M03.
Avoid working in the fields when the foliage is wet. Plow crop residue under promptly after harvest to aid decomposition. Rotate out of cucurbits for 2 years. Plant resistant varieties when possible. Use pathogen-free seed or hot-water treat the seed to kill the bacterium in the seed. Sprays may not be effective if applied too late or if environmental conditions are conducive to spread of the disease.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5. or tank mix with Aliette.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01.
Bacterial wilt is transmitted by cucumber beetles. Cucumber and muskmelon are highly susceptible to wilt; watermelon is not. Seedlings at the cotyledon and 1- to 3-leaf stage are more susceptible to infection with bacterial wilt than older plants. Thus, it is especially important to keep beetle numbers low before the 5-leaf stage. Cucumber beetles must be controlled by appropriate insecticide programs. Please refer to the information on cucumber beetle for managment recommendations. Use crop rotation to reduce beetle numbers. Because this bacterium is transmitted systemically by cucumber beetles, copper sprays are of no value. Rogue infected plants. Resistant cultivars of cucumber are being developed. No resistance has been identified in melon.
Many different strains of this virus occur and the host range includes plants in more than 31 different families. Many weed species also serve as hosts and the virus is seedborne in chickweed. The virus is spread by more than 40 species of aphids and 2 beetles. Seed transmission is possible but unlikely in commercial cucumber seed. The abundance of other host plants, their proximity to crops, and the presence of vectors govern the incidence and severity of disease. The use of resistant varieties is the most effective means of control. Reduce weeds, especially chickweed, pokeweed and milkweed, as much as practical. Practice rotation and plant away from previously contaminated fields. Insecticides are not effective.
Several aphid species transmit these 2 viruses. PRSV-W is only known to occur in the cucurbit family but WMV-II has been reported from alfalfa, vetch, crimson clover, sour clover, snow-on-the-mountain and Malva parviflora. Seed transmission is considered a possibility but remains unproven.
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus was first discovered in the United States in the early 1980s. Two strains, Connecticut and Florida, are currently recognized. The Connecticut strain produces more severe symptoms than the Florida strain. The virus is transmitted in a nonpersistent manner by aphids. At this time, no weed hosts have been identified. Resistant varieties are not available.
NOTES: For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 26 and Insecticides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.
The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.
The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.
The symbol OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.
Caution: Insecticides should not be applied when bees are active in the field. Avoid products with high or moderate bee toxicity during bloom. If application of an insecticide is necessary while the crop is blooming, select products with low bee toxicity or with short residual period; apply in the evening after the bees have left the field. See Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators in the Insect Management section for more suggestions on how to avoid harmful effects on pollinators.
Aphids found in cucurbits include green peach aphid and melon aphid. See Peppers for more information about green peach aphid. Melon aphid has a wide host range; vegetable crops attacked include cucurbits, asparagus, pepper, eggplant and okra. Among cucurbits, it is more serious on cucumber, muskmelon and watermelon than in squash and pumpkins. Varieties differ in susceptibility. Melon aphid overwinters in the north on woody plants including catalpa and rose of Sharon; more southerly, adults survive on cold tolerant plants including spinach and dock. Life cycle is similar to green peach aphid; winged females colonize crops in early summer, and wingless females produce live young for about 15 days (70 to 80 offspring per female) resulting in multiple generations. The time from birth to reproductive adult can be 1 week. Wingless females are 1 to 2 mm long. Color varies from light green mottled with dark green (most common) to white, yellowish or dark green. The cornicles at the tip of the abdomen are always black, a key diagnostic feature. Melon aphid outbreaks are more common in hot, dry weather.
Infestations occur on undersides of leaves where aphids extract plant sap with their piecing sucking mouthparts. Feeding causes yellowing, puckering, leaf curling, and leaf death at high numbers along with shiny honeydew deposits and buildup of sooty mold. Viruses transmitted by melon aphid include cucumber mosaic, watermelon mosaic, and zucchini yellow mosaic. Because transmission occurs within 15 seconds of feeding, insecticides may not prevent initial virus infection though they may reduce its spread in the crop. Oils may reduce virus transmission but test for phytotoxicity.
Use of reflective or row covers to prevent early infestation and virus transmission. Reflective mulch confuses aphid orientation and reduces their ability to locate and infest plants. Direct seeding is recommended in reflective mulch for maximum effectiveness. When using row cover, apply immediately after setting transplants or seeding, and be sure transplants were not infested while in the greenhouse. Cultivars differ in susceptibility to aphid buildup and to virus; plant resistant varieties if they are available. Separate early and late plantings.
Scout for aphids beginning in mid-June by searching undersides of leaves on runners. If 20% of runners or more have live aphids treatment may be needed. Good coverage of undersides of leaves is needed with materials that require direct contact with pest; translaminar products help to reach aphid feeding sites. Use selective insecticides for other pests to conserve natural enemies.
alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.4 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 2.5 to 4 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A.
afidopyropen (Sefina): 3 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12 h, Group 9D.
azadirachtin (Azatin OOG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group UN.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.6 to 6.4 oz/A (PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (GrandevoOG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.
cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A cotton and melon aphid, 10 to 13.5 oz/A gren peach aphid; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applicationes at planting, or drip chemigation during first half of crop growing cycle.
cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28.
dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 0.5 to 1 pt/A for watermelon; 1 pt/A for other melons; PHI 3d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Do not use on cucumbers.
dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.32 oz/1,000 sq ft; 3.5 to 7 oz/100 gal; 7 to 14 oz/A; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Cucumber and melon transplants only, while in greenhouse. Not for use on field or greenhouse grown crops.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 dry oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 dry oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, PHI 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, transplant or post-seeding drench, sidedress or through drip. Do not apply to vegetables grown for seed.
flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2 to 2.8 oz/A; 2.8 to 4.28 oz/A or 0.065 to 0.1 oz/1000 sq ft for greenhouse cucumbers; PHI 0d, REI 12, Bee: L, Group 9C.
flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 12 oz/A foliar, 21 to 28 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, PHI 11d soil, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 7 to 10.5 oz/A soil; 0.44 fl oz/10,000 plants on seedling transplants in greenhouse; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Planthouse applications only provide short-term protection; an additional field application must be made within 2 weeks following transplanting to provide continuous protection. Not for foliar applications.
insecticidal soap (M-PedeOG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May require repeated applications. Apply with a labeled companion insecticide on green peach aphids; on other aphids, use of a companion insecticide is recommended for enhanced and residual control.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h cucumber, 12h melons, Bee: H, Group 1B. Do not apply unless plants are dry.
methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d for 1.5 pt/A; PHI 3d for over 1.5 pt/A, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. For melon aphid.
oxamyl (Vydate* L): 2 to 4 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.
petroleum oil (Suffoil XOG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed.
pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9A. Selective control of aphids including melon and green peach aphid. Translaminar. Apply before populations build up.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 100 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils.
thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4.
thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment. DO NOT apply as a foliar spray.
tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12 h, Bee: H, Group 21A.
Striped cucumber beetle is a key pest of all cucurbit crops in New England, one that requires cultural and often chemical controls to prevent direct feeding damage and transmission of bacterial wilt. Adult beetles are 7 mm long, are yellow with 3 black stripes that reach the end of the forewings, and have a yellow thorax and black head. Adults overwinter primarily in field edges near last year's crop, with a small proportion remaining in the field. With the onset of warm days (> 50°F), beetles feed on pollen in early-blooming wild plants. High tunnel and greenhouse cucumbers draw beetles first, followed by early field crops. Eggs are laid in soil at the base of the stem, and larvae feed on roots. After pupation in the soil, 'summer adults' emerge, generally in late-July and August. Summer adults feed until early fall, when they move to overwintering sites. Some may produce a second generation which emerges in the fall. There is one generation per year in northern New England and a partial second generation in southern New England.
Beetles can colonize a field very rapidly. Adults cause direct feeding damage to cotyledons (often as gouges on underside), leaves (ragged holes) and the base of the stem (wounds and scars). Wounds on the stem allow entry of soil-borne pathogens. Once flowering begins, beetles congregate in flowers. At high numbers, adults may cause pits and scars on fruit. Larval root feeding, hidden but important, reduces plant vigor and yield. The striped cucumber beetle also vectors Erwinia tracheiphila, the causal agent of bacterial wilt. The pathogen overwinters in the beetle gut, and is transmitted through fecal material deposited in feeding wounds. The bacteria then invade the vascular system of the plant. Non-infected beetles can become infected by feeding on infected plants. Cucumber and muskmelon are highly susceptible to wilt; watermelon is not. Seedlings at the cotyledon and 1- to 3-leaf stage are more susceptible to infection with bacterial wilt than older plants. Thus, it is especially important to keep beetle numbers low before the 5-leaf stage.
Use crop rotation, moving spring crops as far as possible from last year’s fields and overwintering areas. Exclude beetles by using use row covers, supported by hoops to prevent abrasion; remove at flowering to allow pollination. Use transplants so that plants reach at least the 3- to 4-leaf stage before beetles arrive. Some repellents or systemic insecticides may be applied to transplants outside the greenhouse before setting in the field, and some may be applied through drip irrigation. See cucumber beetle in the insect control section of Pumpkin, Squash and Gourds for information on using trap crops to protect a main crop of cucumbers and melons from beetle damage.
Scout twice per week from emergence to 3-leaf stage, then weekly. Count beetles per plant and note damage to leaves and stems. The economic threshold depends on the crop. To prevent bacterial wilt in highly susceptible crops such as cucumber, muskmelons, summer squash, and zucchini, treat when there is 1 beetle for every 2 plants. Less wilt-susceptible crops (butternut, watermelon, most pumpkins) will tolerate 1 or 2 beetles per plant without yield losses. Spray within 24 hours after the threshold is reached. Timely and effective early control will prevent the need for sprays during flowering when bees are active in the crop. There are few options for bee-friendly insecticides to use during flowering; if sprays are needed, apply in the evening after bees have stopped foraging.
Spotted cucumber beetle does not overwinter here but disperses from more southern areas, reaching New England in mid to late-summer. Also known as southern corn rootworm, it feeds in a very wide range of crops and weeds and is often found in flowers. Adults are yellowish green with 12 black spots and a black head. Immature stages are in the soil. This pest rarely builds up to damaging levels in New England.
acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 2.5 to 5.3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.0 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
azadirachtin & pyrethrins (AzeraOG): 16 to 56 oz/A foliar, drench, and greenhouse applications; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Groups UN & 3A.
beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 2.4 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2 EC): 2.6 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 qt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Do not apply when foliage is wet.
cryolite (Prokil Cryolite): 8 to 16 lb/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group UN. Melons only.
cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28.
deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A foliar; PHI 1d, REI 12 hr, Bee: H, Group 4A. Do not apply to vegetables grown for seed.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3. Control may be improved by the addition of a non-ionic surfactant. Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 7 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil applications only.
kaolin (Surround WPOG): 25 to 50 lb/A or 1/4 to 1/2 lb/gal for backpack sprayer; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Suppression and repellence only. May be applied to transplants prior to setting in field. Use on seedlings and young plants. Product residue may need to be washed off if applied after fruit set. White residue may be minimized if applications stop when fruit is 1/4 of its expected harvest size. Follow label instructions for mixing. Generally compatible as a tank mix with other insecticides.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 2 pt/A for watermelons, 1.6 pt/A for all other melons; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Melons only.
methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d for 1.5 pt/A, PHI 3d for over 1.5 pt/A, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.
permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
thiamethoxam (Actara): 3 to 5.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4.
thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment. DO NOT apply as a foliar spray. Suppression only.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
See cutworms in the Pepper and Tomato (Outdoor) sections for more information on the black and variegated cutworms.
alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 1.4 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTariOG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures.
beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.6 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Seedling spray only.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. For variegated cutworm.
permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
spinosad (SeduceOG): 20 to 44 lb/A or 0.5 to1 lb/1000 sq ft; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Spread bait on soil around plants; reapply after heavy rain or at least every 2 to 4 weeks but not more than 3 times per 30 days.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 1.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
See seedcorn maggot in the Beans insect control section for more information.
cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 10 to 13.5 oz/A soil; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. Apply as in-furrow spray or transplant tray drench no earlier than 72 hours prior to planting in field, or as transplant water treatment, hill drench, or surface band.
dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 0.5 to 1 pt/A for watermelon; 1 pt/A for other melons; PHI 3d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Do not use on cucumbers.
See squash bugs in the insect control section of Pumpkin and Squash for more on life cycle, monitoring, and management.
acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 5.3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A. Most effective on newly laid eggs and nymphs.
alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.0 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee:H, Group 3A.
azadirachtin (Azatin OOG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN.
azadirachtin & pyrethrins (AzeraOG): 16 to 56 oz/A foliar, drench, and greenhouse applications; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Groups UN & 3A.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.6 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 qt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Do not apply when foliage is wet. Apply sufficient spray volume for thorough coverage; time sprays for early morning or late afternoon. Repeated application may cause plant injury. For squash bug only.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 dry oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 dry oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, PHI 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. For squash bug only. Do not apply to vegetables grown for seed.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A Danitol 2.4EC; PHI 7d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3. Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging.
flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 10.5 to 14 oz/A foliar; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group 4D. Foliar applications only.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Use high rate for squash bugs.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
Also known as Red Spider Mite. Outbreaks are often caused by the use of broad-spectrum insecticides that kill beneficial insects that normally keep two-spotted spider mites (TSSM) populations in check. Watch for white speckling on the upper surface of leaves or webbing on the undersurface around leaf veins. Avoid early-season, broad-spectrum insecticide applications for other pests. Use selective products whenever possible. With most miticides (not bifenazate), use 2 applications, approximately 5 to 7 days apart, to help control immature mites that were in the egg stage and protected during the first application. TSSM are prone to developing pesticide resistance so be sure to alternate between products after 2 applications to help prevent or delay resistance. For more information on TSSM, see the Eggplant section.
abamectin (Agri-Mek* SC): 1.75 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Must be mixed with a non-ionic wetting, spreading and/or penetrating spray adjuvant; do not use binder or sticker type adjuvant.
bifenazate (Acramite 50WS): 0.75 to 1 lb/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2 EC): 5.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
etoxazole (Zeal): 2 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 10B. Do not apply more than once per season.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3. Control may be improved by the addition of a non-ionic surfactant.
fenpyroximate (Portal XLO): 2 pt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12 hr, Bee: L, Group 21A. A selective contact miticide. Melons only.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
insecticidal soap (M-PedeOG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May require repeated applications. Use of a companion labeled insecticide is recommended for enhanced and residual control.
malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Melons only.
Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 (Met 52 EC): 40 to 80 oz/100 gal (drench), 8 to 64 oz/A (foliar); PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee:L, Group UN.
neem oil (TrilogyOG): 0.5 to 2% solution in 25 to 100 gal water/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 18. Avoid mid-day applications and ensure good coverage.
petroleum oil (Suffoil XOG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed.
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils.
spiromesifen (Oberon 2SC): 7 to 8.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 23. Complete coverage is necessary; an adjuvant may be used to improve coverage and control. Effective against egg and nymphal stages.
See whiteflies in insect control section of Tomato for more information.
afidopyropen (Sefina): 14 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12 h, Bee: L, Group 9D.
Chenopodium extract (Requiem EC): 2 to 3 qts/A; PHI 0d, 4h REI, Bee: L. Apply before pests reach damaging levels.
Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (GrandevoOG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.
cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A at planting, 10oz/A chemigation; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting, or drip chemigation during first half of crop growing cycle.
dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.32 oz/1,000 sq ft; 3.5 to 7 oz/100 gal; 7 to 14 oz/A; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Cucumber and melon transplants only, while in greenhouse. Not for use on field or greenhouse grown crops.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 dry oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 dry oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, PHI 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Do not apply to vegetables grown for seed.
fenpyroximate (Portal XLO): 2 pt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12 hr, Bee: L, Group 21A. A selective contact miticide. Melons only.
flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2.8 dry oz/A; 4.28 oz/A or 0.1 oz/1000 sq ft for greenhouse cucumbers; PHI 0d, REI 12, Bee: L, Group 9C. Suppression only.
flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 10.5 to 14 oz/A foliar, 21 to 28 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, PHI 21d soil, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 7 to 10.5 oz/A soil; 0.44 fl oz/10,000 plants on seedling transplants in greenhouse; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Planthouse applications only provide short-term protection; an additional field application must be made within 2 weeks following transplanting to provide continuous protection. Not for foliar applications.
insecticidal soap (M-PedeOG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May require repeated applications. Use of a companion labeled insecticide is recommended for enhanced and residual control.
Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 (Met 52 EC): 40 to 80 oz/100 gal (drench), 8 to 64 oz/A (foliar); PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee: L, Group UN.
petroleum oil (Suffoil XOG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
pyriproxyfen (Knack): 8 to 10 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 7. Does not control adults. Apply when whiteflies reach economic threshold.
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils.
spiromesifen (Oberon 2SC): 7 to 8.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 23. Complete coverage is necessary; an adjuvant may be used to improve coverage and control. Effective against egg and nymphal stages.
thiamethoxam (Actara): 3 to 5.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4.
thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment. DO NOT apply as a foliar spray.
NOTE: For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using.
See Stale Seedbed Technique in the Weed Management section for information on the use of these herbicides.
carfentrazone (Aim EC): REI 12h, Group 14. Apply up to 2 oz/A per application, and do not exceed a total of 6.1 oz/ per season.
glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): REI 12h, Group 9.
paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): restricted use. REI 12h, Group 22. Use 2– 4 pts/A. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training listed on the following website https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training.... The training must be completed a minimum of every three years.
pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons).
Many growers choose to grow cucumber, muskmelon, and/or watermelon on plastic mulch. Herbicides can be applied before laying down plastic to help control weeds that may grow underneath the plastic or in planting holes. Herbicides can also be used between rows of plastic. Some herbicides cannot be used under plastic, even if they are registered for use in the crop. Read labels carefully! See notes on specific herbicides in the following section for more infomation on use and timing.
Labeled for preemergence weed control under plastic:
Labeled for preemergence weed control between plastic rows (directed and shielded band app)
Labeled for postemergence application between plastic rows
bensulide (Prefar 4E): May be used under plastic. REI 12h, Group 0. Apply 5 to 6 qt/A. Can be used as a broadcast treatment (no plastic), between rows of plastic, or under plastic. Preplant incorporate by shallow cultivation (1-2”), or apply preemergence and incorporated thoroughly by irrigation/rainfall within 36 hours of application. Used primarily where grasses are a serious problem. Grass control only; should be supplemented with cultivation or another registered herbicide for broadleaf control. See label for rotation restrictions.
clomazone (Command 3ME): REI 12h, Group 13.
For cucumbers: 30d PHI. Apply 6.4 to 16.2 fl oz/A. Make one application after seeding but before cucumber emergence.
For melons: apply 6.4 to 10.7 fl oz/A. For direct seeded melons apply after seeding but before melon emergence. For transplanted melons apply before transplanting and place roots of transplant below the chemical barrier when planting.
Use the lower rate on coarse-textured soil and the higher rate on fine-textured soil. Can be used as a broadcast treatment (no plastic) or between rows of plastic. Do not use under plastic. Use lower rate on coarse soil. Will control annual grasses and many broadleaf weeds including common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, and jimsonweed. Combining with Curbit (tank mix or sold as premixed product “Strategy”) will also control pigweed species. Some temporary crop injury (partial whitening of leaf or stem tissue) may be visible after crop emergence. Complete recovery will occur from minor early injury without affecting yield or earliness. See label for replanting restrictions.
DCPA (Dacthal W-75): REI 12h, Group 3. Not labeled for cucumber. For melons, apply 6 to 14 lb/A preemergence to weeds, but after crop emergence (after crop has 4 to 5 true leaves, is well established, and growing conditions are favorable for good growth). If weeds have emerged, crop should be cultivated and weeded prior to application. May also be banded to weed-free soil between rows of plastic mulch.
ethalfluralin (Curbit EC): REI 24h, Group 3. Do not use under plastic. Can be used as a broadcast treatment or between rows of plastic. Do not soil incorporate prior to planting or crop loss will occur. Apply at seeding or up to 2 days after (before the crop emerges), or apply as a banded spray between rows after crop emergence. A minimum of ½" of irrigation water (within two days after application) or ½” of rainfall (within five days of application) is required for activation. Use 3 to 4.5 pt/A, based on soil texture. See label for rate selection. Use during cold, wet weather can result in crop injury or stunting.
ethalfluralin + clomazone (Strategy): REI 24h, Group 3 and 13. Use 2 to 6 pt/A, based on soil texture. See label for rate selection. Can be used as a broadcast treatment (no plastic) or between rows of plastic. Do not use under plastic. Do not soil incorporate prior to planting. Apply to seeded crop at time of seeding or up to two days after seeding, or apply as a banded spray between rows after crop emergence. A minimum of ½" of irrigation water (within two days after application) or ½” of rainfall (within five days of application) is required for activation.
pendimethalin (Prowl H2O): REI 24h, PHI 35d, Group 3. Not labeled for cucumber. Row middles only. Apply up to 2.1 pt/A as a shielded application between rows with 6 inches on either side of row middles (before melon transplanting or before a seeded crop has emerged) or between rows covered with plastic mulch (before holes are punched in plastic for melon planting). Make a second shielded application up to 2.1 pt/A per between rows with a minimum of 6 inches on either side of stem or vines or between plastic mulch before melon vine running. Applications must be at least 21 days. Avoid spray contact with melon foliage or running vines because crop injury will occur. DO NOT apply more than 2.1 pt/A in a single application or more than 4.2 pt/A per acre per season.
s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum): REI 12h, Group 15. MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW HAMPSHIRE ONLY. Make sure the label for your state is available for download before using this product. This is a restricted label available only to growers who apply through the website www.syngenta-us.com/labels/indemnified-label-login and agree to a waiver of liability. Main target weeds for this registration are galinsoga and yellow nutsedge.
halosulfuron (Sandea): May be used under plastic. PHI 14d cucumber, PHI 57d watermelon and other melon, REI 12h, Group 2.
Can cause temporary stunting. Heavy rains following applications will increase the potential for crop injury. Use of organophosphate insecticides can increase crop injury from halosulfuron. See the label for other precautions and a list of weeds controlled. Consider using Sandea as a supplement to Strategy (ethafluralin + clomazone) in cases where Strategy has not provided sufficient weed control and when a postemergence application is not practical.
For cucumber, cantaloupe, honeydew, and crenshaw melon: Apply 0.5 to 1 oz/A uniformly with ground equipment in a minimum of 15 gal of water per acre. Use the lower rate on lighter textured soils with low organic matter
Preemergence
Postemergence
Split applications for nutsedge control:
A preemergence application followed by a postemergence application. Use a spot treatment method, treating only areas of emerged nutsedge. Application rate should not exceed 1.0 oz/A. Avoid contact of the herbicide with the planted crop.
A postemergence followed by a postemergence. It may be necessary to use a second postemergence spot application to areas where the nutsedge has emerged or regrown. For these situations, use a spot treatment method treating only those areas of emerged nutsedge. Allow a minimum of 21 days between applications.
For watermelon : apply 0.5 to 0.75 oz/A in a minimum of 20 gallons of water per acre. Use the lower rate on lighter textured soils with low organic matter. Where soil is fumigated prior to planting, allow at least five days after soil fumigation before an application of Sandea.
carfentrazone (Aim EC): REI 12h, Group 14. Aim is a burndown herbicide and will injure any foliage it comes into contact with. Apply Aim to row middles of emerged crops with hooded sprayers to control emerged weeds, including crops grown on mulch or plastic. Prevent any spray from contacting the crop, or injury will occur. For best results, make application to actively growing weeds up to 4 inches tall and rosettes less than 3 inches across. Good coverage is essential for good control. Apply up to 2 oz/A per application, and do not exceed a total of 6.1 oz/ per season.
clethodim (Select Max): PHI 14d, 24hr REI, Group 1. Will control grass weeds only. Apply to actively growing grasses. See label for rate selection. Multiple applications permitted of 9 to 16 oz/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications, not to exceed 64 oz/A per year. Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt per 100 gal of spray). Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1/3-2/3% (0.44 to 0.85 oz per gallon) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz per gallon). Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.
pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons). Use a 3 to 5% solution for annual weeds, a 5 to 7% solution for biennial and perennial weeds, and 7 to 10% solution for maximum burndown. Delivery rate for boom applications should be 75 to 200 gals of spray solution per acre; complete coverage of weed foliage is essential. Use a DIRECTED/ SHIELDED SPRAY; contact with crop will cause injury. For hand-held equipment, spray to completely wet all weed foliage but not to the point of runoff. Repeat applications as necessary. Tank mixes are allowed with this product. See label for complete details.
sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 14d (3 day PHI for cucumber and muskmelon), REI 12h, Group 1. Controls grass weeds only. Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage). Maximum 1.5 pt/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications. Do not exceed 3 pt/A per year. Use with crop oil concentrate (2.0 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A). Note that crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions. Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3 to 1.9 oz per gallon) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz per gallon). Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.