Disease Management

Disease Management Evonne Gong Wed, 05/15/2024 - 13:38

For information on specific diseases, use the search bar or see the appropriate crop section(s).

Plant diseases can result from a combination of many factors. Under certain conditions, viruses, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, heat, cold, chemicals, and air pollution can all promote plant disease. By following practices, including those listed below, to create conditions that encourage plant vigor, losses due to disease can be minimized.

When diseases begin early in the season, yield and quality are more likely to be reduced. Always use disease-free seed, transplants, or cuttings.
Use hot water- and/or fungicide-treated seed where appropriate. Hot water treatment may prime the seeds to sprout; treatment should be done as close to planting as possible. Purchase seeds and plants from a reputable source.
Pasteurize seedbed soil and potting soils with steam or chemicals. Unopened bags of soilless media do not have to be treated.
Disinfect pots, flats, tools, and greenhouse surfaces before planting.
Avoid the reintroduction of disease-causing organisms to disinfected soil.
Practice good sanitation to avoid letting pathogens get a head start. Destroy plant debris, trash piles, and weeds that harbor pathogens. Remove and destroy infected plants and plant parts when feasible. Practice crop rotation.
Promote plant vigor. Do not overwater or plant in poorly drained soils. Use fertilizers, growth regulators, herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides only as directed. Measure them accurately and apply them properly to avoid toxicity to the plants and to yourself.
Some healthy plants can succumb to disease. Select varieties that are resistant to the diseases that you know are a problem in your area.
Protect plants from pathogens by following a suitable pesticide spray program. Knowing the diseases of your crop and the most effective time to begin spraying can save a crop and your money.
Air-blast sprayers can increase the spread of bacterial diseases.
Effective control of plant diseases depends upon the accurate identification of the disease. Contact your regional or state Extension specialist or plant disease clinic (see Specimens for Disease Diagnosis below).

Hot Water Treatment of Seed

Ideally, seed should be custom treated by request. If this is not possible, seed can be hot water-treated at home. Some lots of seed can be vulnerable to heat treatment. Always treat a small amount of seed (50-100) of each lot before treating the remainder of the lot. After the test treatment, air dry completely and then moisten a sample for a germination test. Include untreated seed of the same lot for comparison. Treated seed should be used in the current season. Small seeded crops such as brassicas, carrot, pepper, etc. are the most appropriate for hot water treatment. Each seed type has a corresponding temperature and length of time for treatment. Full instructions for treating seed on your own may be found here: https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/hot-water-seed-treatment. Always check with the seed source to make sure it has not already been treated.

Specimens for Disease Diagnosis

Effective control of plant disease depends upon the accurate identification of the cause. Accurate and rapid diagnosis of a plant disease by diagnostic labs requires examination of specimens that are representative of the disease, plus a review of information concerning the growing of the crop. The diagnosis and recommendations reported to growers are based on this information. Plants in advanced stages of decay or desiccation, or those that arrive with no case history information, cannot be diagnosed properly. Before sending the specimen, contact your regional or state Extension specialist or plant disease clinic. Deliver the specimen by overnight mail. Some states may charge a fee for diagnostic services. Supply as much of the following information as possible:

Your name, address, zip code, phone number, and e-mail address
Crop, cultivar, and date collected
Planting size (acres) or number of plants
Percentage of plants affected
Distribution of disease (general or all over field, scattered here and there, or localized in a small area of field)
Symptoms you are concerned about (blight, wilt, stunting, death, yellowing, leaf mottle, stem rot, root rot, fruit rot, leaf spot, die back, etc.)
Chemicals applied, including dates and rates of fertilizers, fungicides, nematicides, herbicides, and growth regulators
Any information that you believe may be important about the circumstances leading to the disease

For more information on plant diagnostic clinics in each of the New England states, see Diagnostics for Plant Problems.

Virus Diseases

Many different viruses can infect vegetable crops. Some, like papaya ringspot virus-W, have a narrow host range, while others, like cucumber mosaic virus and tomato spotted wilt virus, infect a wide variety of vegetable crops as well as ornamentals and weeds. Symptoms of viral infection are most evident on foliage and fruit. However, the symptoms are not always unique to viruses and may closely resemble nutritional disorders, herbicide injury, or insect feeding. A subtle but common symptom of viral infection is overall stunting and reduction in yield.

Viruses are spread in a variety of ways. Mechanical transmission through handling of plants or use of contaminated tools is an efficient means of spreading tobacco mosaic virus and potato virus X. Most viruses, however, are not spread in this manner. Insects such as aphids, thrips, mites, leafhoppers, and beetles provide the most important means for viruses to move from infected to healthy plants. Some viruses, such as tomato ringspot virus and squash mosaic virus, can be transmitted through infected seed. Perennial weeds and ornamental hosts provide an important reservoir for viruses to survive from one season to the next.

Aphids are the most important primary and secondary vectors of viral diseases. Depending on their relationship with the aphid, viruses are classified as either persistent or non-persistent. Intermediate forms also exist. Aphids that acquire persistent viruses do so after a minimum feeding time of 10-60 minutes. Following acquisition, a latency period of at least 12 hours must pass before the aphid can transmit the virus. The aphid remains infectious for at least a week, or in some cases, for its entire life. With non-persistent viruses, the aphid can pick up the virus rapidly (within seconds or minutes) while probing the host tissue and can transmit the virus immediately to another plant. However, the ability of the aphid to successfully transmit the virus is quickly lost (within minutes). Insecticides increase the spread of non-persistent viruses by stimulating probing activity of the aphid. Contact insecticides are generally less useful than systemics for controlling insect-vectored viruses.

In general, the spread of viruses is best controlled by cultural practices such as cultivar selection, planting date and location, weed reduction, and roguing of diseased plants. Row covers may prevent aphids from probing and feeding on plants early in the season, preventing the spread of viruses. Occasionally, seed, or transplants are infected and the problem is not apparent until well into the growing season. There are no chemical control measures for virus diseases other than those directed at the vector or weed hosts. For more specific control measures, refer to the appropriate crop disease control section.

Fungicides and Bactericides

Fungicides and bactericides are used to prevent, not cure, diseases. Applications initiated before disease appears or at the first sign of disease are the most effective way to use these pesticides. Knowledge of the cause of the disease is required to select the proper material. Your regional or state specialist can assist you in determining the cause (see Specimens for Disease Diagnosis, above). Note that the continuous use of certain bactericides or fungicides can result in pathogens becoming resistant to these chemicals.

For detailed information about fungicides and bactericides, see Table 24, Table 25, and Table 26.

Resistance Management

Pathogens that survive an application of a fungicide are likely to pass the trait that enabled them to survive on to their offspring. A single genetic change in the pathogen can render single-site mode of action (systemic) fungicides ineffective. Repeated applications of the same type of fungicide exert selection pressure on the pathogen population and eventually eliminate almost all the susceptible individuals from a pest population. Resistance can develop in a very short time.

It is necessary to practice resistance management to preserve the useful life of a fungicide. The most effective way to extend the useful life of a product is to use it once and then alternate with a fungicide with a different mode of action. Fungicides are grouped according to chemical class or site of their activity and assigned a group number by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC). To select fungicides with different modes of action, see FRAC group in Table 26 and in the following section, Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name. Fungicides that are systemic (penetrant) have a single site of action upon the target organisms' physiology and are particularly prone to developing resistance. Use systemic fungicides with a single site of action once per season. Use the most effective chemical against a particular pest first. Do not apply fungicides with a high risk of resistance development (systemic, single mode of action such as Group 11 strobilurins) when disease is severe as this situation results in high selection pressure upon the pathogen.

There are many other techniques that can help delay the onset of resistance. Many resistance management techniques help minimize the use of pesticides so a lower proportion of each pest generation is exposed to the toxin.

Integrate chemical controls with effective cultural, mechanical, physical, and genetic management options.
Scout, monitor, and use action thresholds to determine if fungicide applications are necessary.
Good spray coverage helps do the job right the first time and avoids unnecessary repeat applications. Use the proper size nozzles at the correct angle or orientation and an adequate amount of water per acre.
Tank mixes of systemic materials with contact fungicides help delay the onset of resistance to the systemic fungicides. Most contact fungicides have a multi-site mode of action (FRAC Group M plus a number).

NOTE: There is no relationship between insecticide groups, herbicide groups, and fungicide groups. For example, there is no problem with using a Group 1 herbicide and a Group 1 insecticide or fungicide.

Toxicity of Fungicides & Bactericides

All pesticides are poisonous. However, some are more toxic than others. The toxicity of the pesticide is usually stated in the precaution on the label. For example, a skull and crossbones figure and the signal word "Danger" are always found on the label of highly toxic (Toxicity Class I) materials. Those of medium toxicity (Toxicity Class II) carry the signal word "Warning". The least toxic materials (Toxicity Class III) have the signal word "Caution". The toxicity of a pesticide is expressed in terms of oral and dermal LD₅₀. LD₅₀is the dosage of poison that kills 50% of test animals (usually rats or rabbits) with a single application of the pure pesticide for a given weight of the animal (mg/kg of body weight). The lower the LD₅₀ value, the more toxic the material. Oral LD₅₀ is the measure of the toxicity of pure pesticide when administered internally to test animals. Dermal LD₅₀ is the measure of the toxicity of pure pesticide applied to the skin of test animals. Generally, an oral application is more toxic than a dermal one.

Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name

Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name Evonne Gong Wed, 05/15/2024 - 13:44

The symbol ^OG indicates a pesticide that has been listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. REI = Re-Entry Interval expressed in hours (h). At the time of writing, all products listed were registered in at least one New England state. Check registration status in your state before using any product.

3336 F (thiophanate-methyl): A systemic fungicide with broad-spectrum control. Also labeled for greenhouse transplants. REI 12h, Group 1

42-S Thiram (thiram): A seed treatment with a wide host range. REI 24h, Group M03

Abound F (azoxystrobin): Broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 14h, Group 11

Actigard 50 WG (acibenzolar-S-methyl): Plant defense activator used for bacterial diseases and downy mildews. REI 12h, Group P01

Actino-Iron^OG (Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 + molybdenum + iron): A biological soil and seed treatment for Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, and Phytophthora with added iron and humic acid. May be used in greenhouse. REI 4h, Group BM02

Actinovate AG (Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC): Biological for greenhouse use only in vegetable crops. REI 4h, Group NC

Agclor 310 (sodium hypochlorite): A commercial bleach solution registered for use to control postharvest rots of vegetables. Group NC

Affirm WDG (polyoxin-D): Broad-spectrum fungicide for foliar and soilborne diseases. May be used in greenhouse. REI 4h, Group 19

Agri-Fos (phosphorus acid): A systemic fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and downy mildew. REI 4h, Group P07

Agri-Mycin 17 (streptomycin sulfate): A bactericide. REI 12h, Group 25

Aliette WDG (fosetyl Al): A fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildew. REI 12h, Group P07

Apron XL (mefenoxam): A seed treatment active against Pythium and Phytophthora seed rot and damping-off and systemic downy mildews of certain crops. REI 48h, Group 4

Aprovia Top (benzovindiflupyr + difenoconazole): For many diseases of cucurbits, legumes, peppers, tomatoes, and sweet potato. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7

Ariston (chlorothalonil + cymoxanil): Labeled for several diseases on several crops. REI 12h (see label), Groups M5 & 27

BadgeX2^OG and SC (copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide): A bactericide and fungicide. REI 24/48h (See label), Group M01

Basic Copper 53^OG (basic copper sulfate): A broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 48h, Group M01

Bio-Save 10 LP^OG (Pseudomonas syringae ESC-10): Labeled for postharvest decay of seed and storage of potato and sweet potato. Group NC

Bio-Tam^OG (Trichoderma aperellum, T. gamsii): Biological soil treatment for most crops. REI 4h, Group BM02

Blocker (4F, 10G) (PCNB): Soilborne diseases of brassicas, beans and peas, garlic, tomatoes, and pepper. REI 12h, Group 14

BotryStop^OG (Ulocladium oudemansii U3 Strain): A biological control for Botrytis and Sclerotinia diseases. REI 4h, Group BM02

Bumper (propiconazole): Diseases of corn, celery, carrot, Swiss chard, and bulb crops. REI 12h, Group 3

Bravo (Weather Stik, Ultrex, ZN) (chlorothalonil): A broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group M05

Cabrio EG (pyraclostrobin): A broad-spectrum fungicide for bulb, cucurbit, fruiting, and root vegetables. REI 12h, Group 11

Cabrio Plus (pyraclostrobin + metiram): For management of certain diseases of potato. REI 24h, Groups 11 & M03

Cabrio Team (pyraclostrobin + dimethomorph): For potato diseases. REI 12h, Groups 11 & 40

Camelot O^OG (copper soap): Copper product labeled for greenhouse use on vegetable transplants. REI 4h, Group M01

Cannonball WG (fludioxonil): For management of Sclerotinia, Botrytis and other pathogens on various vegetables. REI 12h, Group 12

Catamaran (potassium phosphite + chlorothalonil): broad-spectrum fungicide and plant activator. REI 12h, Groups P07 & M05

Cease^OG (Bacillus subtilis QST 713): Biological protectant fungicide. REI 4h, Group BM02

Champ WG^OG (copper hydroxide): Broad-spectrum fungicide and bactericide. REI 48h, Group M01

Champ (Dry Prill, Formula 2F) (copper hydroxide): Broad-spectrum fungicide and bactericide. REI 24/48h, Group M01

ChampION++^OG (copper hydroxide): Copper fungicide. REI 48h, Group M01

Companion^OG (Liquid, WP) (Bacillus subtilis strain GB03): Biological fungicide. REI 4h, Group BM02

Companion Maxx WP (Bacillus subtilis strain ENV503): A biological fungicide. REI4 h, Group BM02

Contans WG^OG (Coniothyrium minitans): For Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotinia minor diseases. (Bayer formula not labeled for tomato). REI 12h, Group NC

Convergence (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747): A broad-spectrum biological preventive product labeled for corn and legume vegetables. REI 4h, Group BM02.

Cueva^OG (copper octanoate): A broad-spectrum fungicide and bactericide. REI 4h, Group M01

Cuprofix Ultra 40 Disperss (basic copper sulfate): A broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 48h, Group M01

Cuproxat, Cuproxat FL^OG (basic copper sulfate): A broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 48h, Group M01

Curzate 60 DF (cymoxanil): For late blight of potato and tomato and downy mildews of cucurbits and lettuce. REI 12h, Group 27

Custodia (azoxystrobin + tebuconazole): A broad-spectrum fungicide labeled for foliar diseases of corn and some bulb vegetables. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 11

DiTera DF^OG (Myrothecium verrucaria Strain AARC-0255): For management of plant parasitic nematodes. REI 4h, Group NC

Dithane (M-45, F-45 Rainshield) (mancozeb): A broad-spectrum, protectant fungicide. REI 24h, Group M03

Decree 80 WDG (fenhexamid): Botrytis control in greenhouse transplants. REI 12h, Group 17

Dexter Maxx (mancozeb + azoxystrobin): a broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 24h, Groups M03 & 11

Double Nickel^OG (55, LC) (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D474): Microbial fungicide. REI 4h, Group BM02

Dynasty (azoxystrobin): A broad-spectrum seed treatment fungicide for seedborne diseases. REI 4h, Group 11

Echo (90DF, 720) (chlorothalonil): A broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group M05

EcoSwing^OG (extract of Swinglea glutinosa): Preventive biological fungicide for Alternaria leaf spot, Botrytis, and powdery mildew on many crops. Also labeled for greenhouse use. Activates ISR (induced systemic resistance). REI 4h, Group BM01

Elantus (azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr): For suppression of certain soilborne diseases in potatoes. REI 12h, Groups 11 &7

Elumin (ethaboxam): For management of oomycetes of brassicas, cucurbits, and solanaceous vegetables. REI 12h, Group 22.

Emblem (fludioxonil): For greenhouse use only on plants and transplants of listed crops. REI 12h, Group 12

Endura (boscalid): A protectant fungicide for legumes, brassicas, bulb vegetables, fruiting vegetables, lettuce, and root and tuber vegetables. REI 12h, Group 7

Equus 720 SST (chlorothalonil): A broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group M05

Flint (trifloxystrobin): A strobilurin fungicide with broad-spectrum activity. REI 12h, Group 11

Fontelis (penthiopyrad): A fungicide with broad host clearance for leaf spots, blights, anthracnose, and Sclerotinia diseases. REI 12h, Group

Forum (dimethomorph): A fungicide for use against Phytophthora and downy mildew of bulb, cucurbit and fruiting vegetables, lettuce, potatoes, and tomatoes. REI 12h, Group 40

Fosphite (potassium salts of phosphorus acid): A fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildews. REI 4h, Group P07

Gavel 75 DF (zoxamide + mancozeb): A broad-spectrum protectant fungicide for disease control in potatoes, cucurbits, and tomatoes. REI 48h, Groups 22 & M03

GEM 500 SC (trifloxystrobin): broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group 11

Guarda (thyme oil): A botanical product for certain fungal and bacterial diseases. REI 0h, Group NC

Headline, Headline SC (pyraclostrobin): A broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide for use in legumes, corn, tuberous, and corm vegetables. REI 12h, Group 11

Headline AMP (pyraclostrobin + metconazole): For diseases of corn. REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3

Heritage (azoxystrobin): Preventative and curative broad-spectrum fungicide. See supplemental label for use on vegetable transplants grown in the greenhouse. REI 4h, Group 11

Howler^OG, Howler EVO^OG (Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain AFS009): Active on a wide range of soil and foliar diseases. May be used in greenhouse. REI 4h, Group BM02

Incognito (4.5 F, 85 WDG) (thiophanate-methyl): A systemic fungicide with broad-spectrum control. REI varies with crop; See label. Group 1.

Initiate (720, ZN) (chlorothalonil): A broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group M05

Inspire Super (difenoconazole + cyprodinil): For powdery mildew. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 9

Iprodione 4L AG (iprodione): For Alternaria, Botrytis, Sclerotinia, and Rhizoctonia diseases, in beans, broccoli, carrots, dry bulb onions, and lettuce, and white rot of garlic. REI 24h, Group 2

JMS Stylet-Oil, Organic JMS Stylet-Oil^OG (paraffinic oil): Protection against fungal diseases and aphid-transmitted viruses. Also labeled for greenhouse use. REI 4h, Group NC

Kaligreen^OG (potassium bicarbonate): Powdery mildew and other foliar diseases. REI 4h, Group NC

Kalmor^OG (copper hydroxide): A broad-spectrum bactericide and fungicide. REI 24/48h, Group M01

Kentan DF (copper hydroxide): A broad-spectrum bactericide and fungicide. REI 48h, Group M01

K-Phite 7LP (phosphorus acid): a systemic fungicide and bactericide for Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildew; also labeled for greenhouse transplant production. REI 4h, Group P07

Kocide (2000, 2000 O^OG, 3000, 3000 O^OG) (copper hydroxide): A broad-spectrum bactericide and fungicide. REI 48h, Group M01

Kumulus DF^OG (sulfur): broad-spectrum fungicide, particularly for powdery mildew. REI 24h, Group M02.

LifeGard (LC^OG, WG^OG) (Bacillus mycoides isolate J):A preventive biological plant activator for use outdoor or in covered structures. REI 4h, Group P06

Luna Experience (fluopyram + tebuconazole): For control and suppression of fungal diseases of various vegetables. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7

Luna Flex (fluopyram + difenoconazole): For control and suppression of fungal diseases of various vegetables. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 3

Luna PRO (fluopyram + prothioconazole): For fungal diseases of potatoes. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 3

Luna Sensation (fluopyram + trifloxystrobin): For management of foliar and soilborne diseases of several crops. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11

Luna Tranquility (fluopyram + pyrimethanil): For fungal diseases of potato. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 9

ManKocide (mancozeb + copper hydroxide): A broad-spectrum fungicide and bactericide. REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01

Manzate (Max, Pro-Stick) (mancozeb): A broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 24h, Group M03

MasterCop (copper sulfate pehtahydrate): A broad-spectrum fungicide and bactericide. REI 48h, Group M01

Maxim 4FS (fludioxonil): A seed treatment fungicide for seedborne and soilborne fungi of several vegetable crops. REI 12h, Group 12

Maxim MZ (fludioxonil + mancozeb): A seed treatment fungicide for certain diseases of potato. REI 24h, Group 12 & M03

Maxim PSP (fludioxonil): A seed treatment fungicide for certain diseases of potato. REI 12h, Group 12

MeloCon (LC^OG,WG^OG) (Purpureocillium lilacinum strain 251): For transplant treatment with broad activity against various plant parasitic nematodes. REI 4h, Group NC

Merivon Xemium (fluaxapoxad + pyraclostrobin): For fungal diseases including powdery mildew. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11

Mertect 340-F (thiabendazole ): A seed treatment for fungal seedborne and soilborne diseases. REI 12h, Group 1

Mettle 125 ME (tetraconazole): A systemic fungicide labeled for various fruiting vegetables and cucurbits. REI 12h, Group 3

Micora (mandipropamid): Oomycete fungicide labeled for greenhouse use (limited to structures with permanent flooring ONLY). REI 4h, Group 40

Microthiol Disperss^OG (sulfur): A protectant fungicide particularly useful for powdery mildew. May be used in greenhouse. REI 24h, Group M02

Microfine Sulfur^OG (sulfur): A protectant fungicide particularly useful for powdery mildew. REI 24h, Group M02

Micro Sulf^OG (sulfur): A protectant fungicide particularly useful for powdery mildew. May be used in greenhouse. REI 24h, Group M02

Mildew Cure^OG (cottonseed, corn, and garlic oils): For powdery mildew management. REI 0h. Group NC

MilStop SP^OG (potassium bicarbonate): For powdery mildew and other foliar diseases of greenhouse crops. REI 12h, Group NC

Miravis Prime (pydiflumetofen + fludioxonil): A preventive fungicide labeled for various fruiting vegetables, cucurbits, and potatoes. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 12

M-Pede^OG (potassium salts of fatty acids): For powdery mildew management, labeled for greenhouse use. REI 12h, Group NC

Moncoat MZ (flutolanil + mancozeb): Potato seed piece treatment for late blight. REI 24h, Groups 7 & M03

Moncut SC (flutolanil): For control of soilborne diseases of brassicas and potatoes. REI 12h, Group 7

Monsoon (tebuconazole): A broad-spectrum foliar fungicide with curative and preventive action. REI 12h, Group 3

Mural (azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr): Broad-spectrum fungicide for foliar applications for greenhouse-grown vegetable transplants grown for resale to consumers. NOT for transplants intended for commercial field use. REI 12h, Groups 11 & 7

MycoStop^OG (Streptomyces griseoviridis K61): Biological seed or soil treatment. REI 4h, Group BM02

NemaClean 10% WP^OG (Purpureocillium lilacinum strain PL11): For management of plant parasitic nematodes. REI 12h, Group NC

Nevado 4F (iprodione): For Alternaria, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, and Stemphylium diseases in beans, broccoli, carrots, brassicas, dry bulb onions, potatoes, and lettuce, and white rot of garlic. REI 24h, Group 2

Nordox 75 WG^OG (cuprous oxide): A broad-spectrum fungicide and bactericide. REI 12h, Group M01

Nu-Cop (3L, 50DF^OG, 50WP^OG, HB^OG) (copper hydroxide): Copper fungicide and bactericide. Some formulations may be applied in greenhouse. REI 24/48h, Group M01

Nutrol (potassium dihydrogen phosphate): Protectant fungicide for powdery mildew. REI 4h, Group P07

Nufarm T-Methyl (70WSB, SPC4.5F) (thiophanate-methyl): A systemic fungicide with broad-spectrum control. REI varies with crop; see label, Group 1

Obtego^OG (Trichoderma aperellum strain ICC012 + T. gamsii strain ICC 080): Biological soil treatment for most crops. REI 4h, Group BM02

Omega 500F (fluazinam): Phytophthora, downy mildew, leaf spots, Sclerotina and Sclerotium diseases; late blight and white mold of potatoes. REI 48h, Group 29

Omega Top MP (fluazinam): For management of late blight and white mold of potatoes. REI 12h, Group 29

Organocide 3-in-1 Garden Spray^OG (sesame oil): Broad-spectrum biofungicide. Group NC

Orius 3.6F (tebuconazole): For onion diseases, rusts, powdery mildews, and other fungal diseases of select crops. REI (varies with crop, see label), Group 3

Orondis Opti Premix (chlorothalonil + oxathiapiprolin): A systemic and contact fungicide for diseases of potatoes, cucurbits, and fruiting vegetables. REI 12h, Groups M05 & 49

Orondis OD (Ultra A, Gold 200, Opti A) (oxathiapiprolin): For Phytophthora diseases and downy mildew in several crops. REI 4h, Group 49

Orondis Ultra (oxathiapiprolin + mandipropamid): Phytophthora diseases and downy mildew in several crops. REI 4h, Groups 49 & 40

OSO 5% SC^OG (polyoxin D zinc salt): Broad-spectrum fungicide for foliar and soilborne diseases. REI 4h, Group 19

OxiDate 2.0^OG (hydrogen dioxide + peroxyacetic acid): Preventive biocide. REI 0/1h (see label), Group NC

OxiPhos (phosphorus acid + hydrogen peroxide): Broad-spectrum preventive biocide. REI 4h, Group P07

Pageant TR Intrinsic (pyraclostrobin + boscalid): For diseases of greenhouse-grown cucurbits, fruiting vegetables, and leafy greens; and cucurbit, fruiting vegetable, and leafy green transplants for the home consumer market only (NOT for transplants for commercial field production). REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11

Penncozeb (75DF, 80WP) (mancozeb): A broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 24h, Group M03

PhD (polyoxin D zinc salt): Broad-spectrum fungicide for foliar and soilborne diseases of various vegetables. REI 4h, Group 19

Phyton 35 (copper sulfate): Broad-spectrum fungicide and bactericde. Labeled for greenhouse use on vegetable transplants. REI 48/24h (see label), Group M01

Phostrol (phosphorus acid): A fungicide for Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildew. REI 4h, Group P07

Polyram 80 DF (metiram): For early and late blight in potatoes. REI 12h, Group M03

Potato Seed Treater 6% (mancozeb): Potato seed piece treatment for Fusarium dry rot. REI 24h, Groups M03

Presidio 4SC (fluopicolide): A locally systemic fungicide effective against Phytophthora and downy mildews of bulb, cucurbit, fruiting, and leafy vegetables. REI 12h, Group 43

PreStop WG^OG (Clonostachys rosea J1446): Preventative biological fungicide that can be incorporated into media, applied as a drench or as a foliar spray. REI 4h, Group NC

Previcur Flex (propamocarb): A fungicide for oomycetes. Previcur should be mixed with Bravo, Maneb, or Mancozeb to prevent development of resistance. REI 12h, Group 28

Priaxor Xemium (fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin): For disease control and in beans, tomato, peas, potato, and corn. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11

Pristine (boscalid + pyraclostrobin): For use in bulb vegetables, carrots, cucurbits, and celery. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11

Procure 480SC (triflumizole): Powdery mildew on brassica, cucurbits, and leafy vegetables. REI 12h, Group 3

Proline 480SC (prothioconazole): For diseases of corn, cucurbits, peas, and beans. REI 12h, Group 3

ProPhyte (phosphorus acid): Labeled for Pythium, Phytophthora, downy mildew. REI 4h, Group P07

PropiMax EC (propiconazole): Broad-spectrum fungicide for diseases of alliums, corn, carrot, table beet, and leafy and petiole vegetables. REI 12h, Group 3

PVent^OG (Clonostachys rosea J1446): Preventative biological fungicide that can be incorporated into media or applied as a drench or as a foliar spray. REI 4h, Group BM02.

PVent Microbial WP (Clonostachys rosea strain J1446): Labeled for various seedborne and soilborne diseases. May be used in greenhouse. REI 12h, Group 3

Quadris (azoxystrobin): A strobilurin fungicide with broad-spectrum activity. REI 4h, Group 11

Quadris Opti (azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil): broad-spectrum fungicide for dry beans, cucurbit vegetables, potatoes, tomatoes, and onions. REI 12h, Groups 11 & M5

Quadris Ridomil Gold (azoxystrobin + mefenoxam): Labeled for potatoes only. REI 0h, Groups 11 & 4

Quadris Top (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole): broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3

Quash SC (metraconazole): For managment of several diseases, including white mold in beans, potato and sweet potato. REI 12h, Group 3

Quilt Xcel (azoxystrobin + propiconazole): A broad-spectrum fungicide for use in carrots, celery, corn, and bulb crops. REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3

Quintec (quinoxyfen): Fungicide for control of powdery mildew in cucurbits. REI 12h, Group 13

Rally 40 SWP (myclobutanil): A fungicide for powdery mildews and rusts of vegetable crops. REI 24h, Group 3

Rampart (phosphorus acid): Labeled for Pythium, Phytophthora, downy mildew, and some foliar diseases. May be used in greenhouse. REI 4h, Group P07

Ranman 400SC (cyazofamid): Effective against Phytophthora and downy mildew in cucurbits, tomatoes, bulb crops, and potatoes. REI 12h, Group 21

Reason 500 SC (femadione): A fungicide for use against Phytophthora, downy mildew, and white rust on tuberous and corm vegetables, tomatoes, bulb vegetables, lettuce, and cucurbit vegetables. REI 12h, Group 11

Regalia^OG (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) : Plant defense activator for fungal and bacterial diseases. REI 4h, Group P05

Reveille (phosphorus acid): Labeled for Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildew of various vegetables. REI 4h, Group P07

Resist 57 (phosphorus acid): A systemic fungicide labeled for Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, downy mildew of various crops, and silver scurf in potatoes. May be used in greenhouse. REI 4h, Group P07

Revus (mandipropamid): For use against downy mildew, late blight, and Phytophthora blight. REI 4h, Group 40

Revus Top (mandipropamid + difenoconazole): A broad-spectrum fungicide for potatoes and tomatoes. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 40

Rhyme (flutriafol): Labeled for several diseases on brassica, cucurbit, and fruiting vegetables. REI 12h, Group 3

Ridomil Gold (SL, GR) (mefenoxam): A fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildews. REI 48h, Group 4

Ridomil Gold Bravo SC (mefenoxam + chlorothalonil): A broad-spectrum fungicide containing 4.4% metalaxyl and 72% chlorothalonil effective against both oomycetes and true fungi. REI 48h, Groups 4 & M05

Ridomil Gold MZ WG (mefenoxam + mancozeb): A broad-spectrum fungicide containing 8% metalaxyl and 64% mancozeb effective against both oomycetes and true fungi. REI 48h, Groups 4 & M03

Ridomil Gold Copper (mefenoxam + copper hydroxide): A broad-spectrum fungicide containing 4.8% metalaxyl and 60% copper hydroxide effective against both lower and true fungi. REI 48h, Groups 4 & M01

RootShield (Granules^OG, WP^OG) (Trichoderma harzianum Strain T-22): Biological soil treatment. REI 0h, Group NC

RootShield Plus (WP^OG, Granules^OG) (Trichoderma harzianum Strain T-22 + T. virens Strain G-41): A biological fungicide for foliar and soil treatments. REI 0h, Group BM02

Roper (DF, DF Rainshield) (mancozeb): A broad-spectrum fungicide. REI 24h, Groups M03

Rovral 4F (iprodione): For Alternaria, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, and Stemphylium diseases in broccoli, carrots, dry bulb onions, potatoes, and beans, and white rot of garlic. REI 24h, Group 2

Scala SC (pyrimethanil): Protective fungicide for bulb, tuberous, and corm vegetables. REI 12h, Group 9

Segovis (oxathiapiprolin): Labeled for downy mildew and Phytophthora. May be used in greenhouse and outdoor growing structures. REI 4h, Group 49

Serenade (ASO^OG, Opti^OG, Soil^OG, Max^OG) (Bacillus subtilis QST 713): Biological protectant fungicide. REI 4h, Group BM02

Sil Matrix LC^OG (potassium silicate): A broad-spectrum preventive fungicide. REI 4h, Group NC

Sonata^OG (Bacillus pumilus QST 2808): Biological protectant fungicide. REI 3h, Group BM02

Soilgard^OG (Gliocladium birens strain GL-21, 12%): Labeled for damping-off and root rot management as soil or media treatment. May be used in greenhouse. REI 0h, Group NC

Sovran (kresoxim-methyl): For powdery mildew and gummy stem blight in cucurbits. REI 12h, Group 11

Spirato GHN (fludioxonil): For greenhouse use only on plants and transplants of listed crops. REI 12h, Group 12

Sporan EC2 (rosemary, clove, peppermint, and thyme oils): Contact fungicide with broad crop clearance. REI 0h, Group NC

Stargus^OG (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727): Broad-spectrum preventive biological fungicide for bacterial spot and blights, Botrytis blight, late blight, damping off and root rots, and downy mildew (depending upon crops, see label). REI 4h, Group BM02

Stratego, Stratego YLD (propiconazole + trifloxystrobin): For diseases of corn. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 11

Subdue MAXX (mefenoxam): For greenhouse-grown transplants for retail sale to consumers. For downy mildew, and soilborne Pythium and Phytophthora diseases. NOT for transplants grown for commercial field use. REI 0/48h (see label), Group 4

Suffoil-X^OG(mineral oil): Fungicide, insecticide, and miticide labeled for greenhouse transplant production. REI 4h, Group NC

Sulfur (various formulations) (sulfur): For powdery mildew and rusts of select crops. REI 24h, Group M02

Super Tin 80 WP (triphenyltin hydroxide): For early blight and late blight of potato. Restricted-use pesticide. REI 48h, Group 30

Switch 62.5 WG (cyprodinil + fludioxonil): A protective fungicide for use in beans, brassica, carrot, herbs, leafy vegetables, and onions. REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12

Taegro 2.0 (Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24): Biological for soilborne diseases in cucurbits, leafy vegetables, and fruiting vegetables. REI 4h, Group BM02

Tanos (famoxadone + cymoxanil): A penetrant fungicide with locally systemic and curative activities against downy mildews and late blight. REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27

Terraclor 400 (PCNB): A fungicide active against soilborne true fungi. Labeled for greenhouse transplant production. REI 12h, Group 14

Tilt (propiconazole): A protective fungicide for diseases of beans, beets, carrots, celery, onions, and corn. REI 24h, Group 3

Topguard (flutriafol): Labeled for some cucurbits and fruiting vegetables. REI varies with crop; see label, Group 3

Topguard EQ (azoxystrobin + flutriafol): Foliar diseases of brassicas, cucurbits, leafy, and fruiting vegetables. REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3

Topsin (4.5FL, MWSB) (thiophanate-methyl): A systemic fungicide with broad-spectrum control. REI varies with crop; see label, Group 1

Torino (cyflufenamid): For management of powdery mildew of cucurbits and certain fruiting vegetables. REI 4h, Group U06

Trebuset (pydiflumetofen): A broad-spectrum seed treatment fungicide labeled for certain legume vegetables. REI 12 H, Group 7

Triathlon BA^OG (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747): A broad-spectrum microbial fungicide and bactericide. May be used in greenhouse. REI 4h, Group BM02

Trilogy^OG (neem oil extract): Labeled for various fungal diseases. REI 4h, Group NC

Trionic 4SC (triflumazole): Powdery mildew and Alternaria. Also labeled for greenhouse use. REI 12h, Group 3

Trivapro (benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin + propiconazole): Labeled for corn diseases. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7 & 11

Ultra Flourish (mefenoxam): A fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildew in various vegetable crops. REI 48h, Group 4

Vacciplant (laminarian): A broad-spectrum suppressant fungicide. May be used in greenhouse and pre-plant dip or soil drench. REI 4h, Group P04

Vangard WG (cyprodinil): For management of diseases of onions. REI 12h, Group 9

Velum Prime (fluopyram): A broad-spectrum fungicide and nematicide for use as a soil treatment. REI 12h, Group 7

Velum Rise (fluopyram + penflufen): Labeled for soilborne diseases of potatoes. Has nematicidal action. REI 12h, Group 7.

Vibrance (sedaxane): A seed treatment against seedling blight and damping off diseases. REI 12 h, Group 7

Vivando (metrafenone): For management of powdery mildew on cucurbits and fruiting vegtables. REI 12h, Group 50

ZeroTol 2.0^OG (hydrogen dioxide): Preventive biocide labeled for greenhouse use. REI 0/1h (see label), Group NC

Zampro (ametoctradin + dimethomorph):A fungicide for downy mildew and Phytophthora diseases of potatoes, brassica, cucurbit, fruiting, bulb, and leafy vegetables. REI 12h, Groups 40 & 45

Ziram (76DF, Excel) (ziram): For use on tomatoes for anthracnose, Septoria leaf spot, and early blight. Do not use on cherry tomatoes. REI 48h, Group M03

Zing! (zoxamide + chlorothalonil): For management of diseases of cucurbits, garlic, onions, potatoes, and tomatoes. REI 12h, Groups 22 & M05

Information about Fungicides and Bactericides by A.I. (Table 26)

Information about Fungicides and Bactericides by A.I. (Table 26) Evonne Gong Wed, 05/15/2024 - 13:41

ACTIVE INGREDIENT(S)	TRADE NAME(S)	SIGNAL WORD¹	RESISTANCE GROUP (FRAC² CODE)	DERMAL LD₅₀ (mg/kg)	ORAL LD₅₀ (mg/kg)
acibenzolar-S-methyl	Actigard 50WG	D	P01	> 2,000	>5,000
ametoctradin & dimethomorph	Zampro	C	45 & 40	>5,000	>500 - <2,000
azoxystrobin	Quadris F, Dynasty, Abound F	C	11	> 2,000 - 4,000	>2,000 - 5,000
azoxystrobin & benzovindiflupyr	Elatus	W	11 & 7	> 2,000	1, 049
azoxystrobin & chlorothalonil	Quadris Opti	W	11 & M05	>5,000	1,750
azoxystrobin & difenoconazole	Quadris Top	C	11 & 3	>2,000	>5,000
azoxystrobin & flutriafol	Topguard EQ	C	11 & 3	>5,000	>5,000
azoxystrobin & mefenoxam	Quadris Ridomil Gold SL (co-pack)	W	11 & 4	> 2,000 - 4,000	550 - >5,000
azoxystrobin & propiconazole	Quilt Xcel	W	11 & 3	>5,000	1030
azoxystrobin & tebuconazole	Custodia	W	11 & 3	>2,000	>300
Bacillus sp.	Double Nickel^OG, Cease^OG Companion Maxx, Convergence^OG, LifeGard, Leap, Minuet^OG, Serenade^OG, Taegro, Sonata	C, W	BM02 & P06 & 11A	>2,000 - >5,050	>5,000
benzovindiflupyr	Trivapro A	D	7	> 5,000	550
benzovindiflupyr & difenoconazole	Aprovia Top	W	3 & 7	>5,000	1,750
benzovindiflupyr & azoxystrobin & propiconazole	Trivapro	W	7 & 11 & 3	>2,000	550
boscalid	Endura	W	7	>2,000	>2,000
chlorine	Agclor 310	D	NC	>20,000	8,910
chlorothalonil	Bravo (Weather Stik, Ultrex, Zn), Echo (720, 90 DF), Equus 720 SST, Initiate (720, Zn), Orondis	C ,W	M05	>2,000 - 10,000	>3,750 - 10,000
chlorothalonil & cymoxanil	Ariston	C	M05 & 27	>5,050	>5,000
chlorothalonil & oxathiapiprolin	Orondis Opti	D	M05 & 49	>2,000	>5,000
chlorothalonil & potassium phosphite	Catamaran	C	M05 & P07	> 5,000	>5,000
Coniothyrium minitans	Contans^OG	C	BM02	>2,500	>2,500
copper hydroxide	Champ (WG^OG, Dry Prill, Formula 2 Flowable), Kalmor^OG, Kocide (2000, 2000-O^OG, 3000, 3000-O^OG), ChampION++^OG, Nu-Cop (50DF^OG, 50WP^OG, HB^OG), Kentan DF	C, D	M01	1,300->5,000	489 - 1,847
copper hydroxide & copper oxychloride	Badge (SC, X2^OG)	W	M01	>2,000	>300
cuprous oxide	Nordox 75 WG^OG	C	M01	>2,000	3,165
copper octanoate	Camelot O, Cueva	C	M01	>2,000	>2,000
copper sulfate (basic copper)	Basic Copper 53^OG, Cuprofix Ultra, Cuproxat (FL^OG), Phyton 35, MasterCop^OG	C, W, D	M01	>2,000 - 8000	1,000 - 2,521
cyazofamid	Ranman 400 SC	W	21	>5,000	>5,000
cyflufenamid	Torino	C	U06	>2,000	<2,000
cymoxanil	Curzate 60DF	W	27	>5,000	433
cyprodinil & fludioxonil	Switch 62.5	D	9 & 12	>2,000	>5,000
ethaboxam	Elumin	C	22	>5,000	>5,000
difenoconazole & cyprodinil	Inspire Super	C	3 & 9	>5,000	5,000
dimethomorph	Forum Fungicide	D	40	>500 - <2,000	>4,000
famoxadone & cymoxanil	Tanos	W	11 & 27	566 - 1732	>5,000
fenamidone	Reason 500 SC	W	11	>5,000	>5,000
fenhexamid	Decree 50 WDG	C	17	>2,000	>2,000
fluazinam	Omega 500F, Omega TopMP	W	29	>2,000	>5,000
fludioxonil	Maxim4FS, Maxim PSP, Cannonball WG, Emblem, Scholar SC	C, W	12	>2,000 - >5,050	>2,000 - >5,000
fludioxonil & mancozeb	Maxim MZ	W	12 & M03	>5,000	>5,000
fluopicolide	Presidio	C	43	>4,000	>2,000
fluopyram	Velum Prime	C	7	>2,000	>2,000
fluopyram & penflufen	Velum Rise	C	7	N/A	>1,030
fluopyram & pyrimethanil	Luna Tranquility	C	7 & 9	>2,000	>2,000
fluopyram & difenoconazole	Luna Flex	W	3 & 7	N/A	1,030
fluopyram & prothioconazole	Luna Pro	W	3 & 7	>5,050	>5,000
fluopyram & tebuconazole	Luna Experience	W	7 & 3	>2,000	>2,000
fluopyram & trifloxystrobin	Luna Sensation	W	7 & 11	>2,000	2,000
flutolanil	Moncut SC	C	7	>4,000	>5,000
flutolanil & mancozeb	Moncoat MZ	C	7 & M03	>2,000	>5,000
flutriafol	Topguard Fungicide, Rhyme	C, W	3	>2,000 - >5,000	>2,000 - >3,000
fluxapyroxad & pyraclostrobin	Priaxor Xemium, Merivon Xemium	W, D	7 & 11	>5,000	>50 - <3,000
fosetyl aluminum	Aliette WDG	C	P07	>2,020	>2,860
hydrogen peroxide & peroxyacetic acid	Oxidate 2.0^OG, ZeroTol 2.0^OG	D	NC	1,040 - >2,000	332.1 - 3,622
iprodione	Meteor, Rovral 4F, Nevado 4F	C	2	> 2,000	1,170- 2,981
laminarin	Vacciplant	W	P04	>2,000	>2,000
mancozeb	Penncozeb (75DF, 80WP), Manzate (Max, Pro-Stick), Dithane (M-45, F-45 Rainshield), Potato Seed Treater (6%, PS), Roper (DF, DF Rainshield)	C	M03	>2,000 - >10,000	>5,000
mancozeb & copper	ManKocide	D	M03 & M01	>5,000	2,535
mandipropamid	Revus, Micora	C	40	>5,000	>5,000
mandipropamid & difenoconazole	Revus Top	C	3 & 40	>5,000	2,958
mefenoxam	Ridomil Gold (GR, SL), Apron XL, Ultra Flourish	C, W	4	>2,000 - >5,000	550 - >5,000
mefenoxam & chlorothalonil	Ridomil Gold Bravo SC	W	4 & M05	>5,050	5,000
mefenoxam & copper	Ridomil Gold Copper	D	4 & M01	>2,020	550
mefenoxam & mancozeb	Ridomil Gold MZ WG	W	4 & M03	>2,000	>2,000
metconazole	Quash SC	C	3	>5,000	1,750
metrafenone	Vivando	W	50	>5,000	>5,000
metiram	Polyram 80 DF	W	M03	>2,000	>5,000
myclobutanil	Rally 40WSP	D	3	>5,000	>2,500
oxathiapiprolin	Orondis (Gold 200, Orondis OD)	C	49	>5,000	>5,000
oxathiapiprolin & mandipropamid	Orondis Ultra Premix	C	49 & 40	>5,000	>5,000
PCNB	Blocker (4F, 10G), Terraclor 400	W	14	>2,020	>5,050
penthiopyrad	Fontelis	C	7	>5,000	>5,000
phosphorus acid (salts of)	Agri-Fos, Alude, Fosphite, K-Phite, Phostrol, ProPhyt, Rampart, Reveille	W	P07	>3,000 - >5,000	>5,000
polyoxin D zinc salt	Oso 5% SC, AKA VeggieTurbo 5 SC^OG, Ph-D, Affirm WDG	C	19	>2,000 - >5,050	4,404 - >5,000
potassium bicarbonate	Kaligreen^OG, MilStop^OG	W	NC	>2,020 - >5,000	2,700 - 3822
potassium dihydrogen phosphate	Nutrol	C	NC	>4,640	>2,000
propamocarb HCl	Previcur Flex	W	28	>3,000	2,000 - 2,900
propiconazole	Tilt, PropiMax EC, Bumper (41.8EC, ES)	D, C	3	>3,500 - >5,050	1,310 - 3,000
propiconazole & trifloxystrobin	Stratego	W	3 & 11	>5,050	4,757 - 4,830
prothioconazole	Proline 480SC	C	3	>5,000	>2,000 - <5,000
prothioconazole & trifloxystrobin	Stratego YLD	C	3 & 11	>5,000	>5,000
pydiflumetofen	Trebuset	D	7	>5,000	>2,000
pydiflumetofen & fludioxonil	Miravis Prime	W	7 & 12	>5,000	2,968
pyraclostrobin	Headline, Headline SC, Cabrio EG	C, W, D	11	200 - >2,000	2,000 - >5,000
pyraclostrobin & boscalid	Pristine, Pageant Intrinsic	W	11 & 7	>2,000	1,490
pyraclostrobin & dimethomorph	Cabrio Team	C	11 & 40	>4,000	260
pyraclostrobin & metconazole	Headline AMP	W	11 & 3	>5,000	500
pyraclostrobin & metiram	Cabrio Plus	C	11 & M03	>2,000	>500 - <2,000
pyrimethanil	Scala SC	C	9	>5,000	4,505 - >5,000
quinoxyfen	Quintec	C	13	>2,000	>2,000
Reynoutria sachalinensis extract	Regalia CG^OG	W	P05	>5,000	>5,000
sedaxane	Vibrance	W	7	>5,500	2,975
streptomycin sulfate	Agri-Mycin 17	W	25	>2,000	>5,000
sulfur	Microthiol Disperss^OG, Kumulus DF^OG, Micro Sulf^OG, Sulfur 6L, Microfine Sulfur	C, W	M2	>2,000	>5,000
tebuconazole	Orius 3.6F	C	3	>2,000	>2,000
tetraconazole	Mettle 125 ME	C	3	>2,000	>4,090
thiabendazole	Mertect 340-F	W	1	>5,050	>5,000
thiophanate-methyl	Topsin (M WSB, 4.5 FL), Nufarm T-Methyl (70WSB, 4.5F), Incognito (4.5 F, 85 WDG)	C, W	1	>2,000 - >5,000	1,752 - >5,000
triphenyltin hydroxide	Super Tin (80 WP, 4L)	D	30	315 - 500	160 - 250
trifloxystrobin	Flint Extra, Gem 500 SC	C	11	>2,000	>5,050
triflumizole	Procure 480 SC, Trionic 4SC	C	3	>5,000	>1,400
thiram	42-S Thiram	C	M03	>4,400	2,950
zoxamide & chlorothalonil	Zing!	C	22 & M05	>5,000	1,750 - 5,000
zoxamide & mancozeb	Gavel 75 DF	C	22 & M03	>5,000	>5,000
¹Signal Word C = Caution; W = Warning: D = Danger ² FRAC = Fungicide Resistance Action Committee The symbol ^OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details. Note that for a given active ingredient, some products may be OMRI-listed while others are not.

Soil Fumigation Outdoors

Soil Fumigation Outdoors Evonne Gong Wed, 05/15/2024 - 13:46

Soil fumigation is the most drastic measure that growers can perform to eradicate soil-borne pests and is often a method of last resort. Fumigants are general biocides; they are effective against fungi, bacteria, nematodes, soil insects, and weed seeds. They have several serious drawbacks:

Fumigants kill all organisms, even the beneficial ones that compete with or parasitize plant pathogens. They leave a biological vacuum which can be quickly reinfested with serious plant pathogens.
Fumigants have a high acute inhalation toxicity and are carcinogenic. They represent a hazard to humans, wildlife, and the environment.
Fumigants require specialized equipment and procedures to apply properly. They are usually applied by professional crop production services. Soil preparation, temperature, and rate of chemical will determine how effectively pests will be controlled.

Fall is the best time to fumigate. However, it can be very effective in spring with an appropriate post-treatment waiting period. Careful attention should be paid to soil temperature and moisture, as well as time of exposure as indicated on the product label. Plowing below the depth of treatment will mix non-treated and treated soil.

Read the label carefully before using fumigants. All chemical fumigants are restricted-use and require a 5-day Entry Restricted Period after application.

Telone C-17 (dichloropropene + chloropicrin) or Telone II (dichloro-propene): 5.0-40 gal/A. Controls certain soil insects, nematodes, and soilborne fungi. Read and follow the instructions on the label carefully.

InLine (dichloropropene + chloropicrin): 13.0-20.5 gal/A. Controls certain soil insects, nematodes, and soilborne fungi. Read and follow the instructions on the label carefully.

Vapam HL (sodium methyl dithiocarbamate): 50-100 gal/A. Controls weeds, soil insects, nematodes, and soilborne fungi. Read and follow the instructions on the label carefully.