NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Alternaria Damping-off

Buy seed certified as disease-free or treat with hot water at 122°F for 25 minutes (see Hot Water Treatment of Seed in the Disease Management section). Brassica crop seed is susceptible to seed vigor loss from hot water treatment. Seed should be treated as close to planting as possible.

Alternaria Leaf Spot and Head Rot

Alternaria leaf spot and head rot are caused by at least three species of the fungus Alternaria and may be seedborne. Start with certified disease-free seed or treat seed with hot water. Practice a 3-year crop rotation with all brassica crops. Use proper plant and row spacing to ensure good air circulation. Irrigate in the morning. Avoid overhead irrigation if possible. Control weeds, especially those in the family Brassicaceae. Avoid working in fields when foliage is wet. Promptly incorporate plant debris after harvest, or mow if tillage is not possible in late fall crops. Varieties differ in susceptibility but no resistant varieties are available. 

• azoxystrobin (Quadris): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not repeat the application or rotate with other strobilurins. See label for list of allowed brassica crops.
• azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole (Quadris Top): 12.0 to 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.
• Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.25 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM02. Disease suppression only. For improved control; mix or rotate with a chemical fungicide.
• boscalid (Endura): 6.0 to 9.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. Maximum 2 applications per year.
• botanical extract (Ecoswing^OG): 1.5 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 01.
• chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group M05.
• copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 0.75 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
• cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12.
• difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3 & 9. Apply in sufficient volume to achieve thorough coverage. 
• fenamidone (Reason SC): 8.2 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.
• flutriafol (Rhyme 2.08 SC): 5 to 7 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3.
• fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Priaxor Xemium): 6.0 to 8.2 fl. oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12 h, Groups 7 & 11.
• mancozeb (Manzate Pro Stick): 1.6 to 2.1 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Group M03. Cabbage and broccoli only.
• penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 14.0 to 30.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7.
• polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
• potassium bicarbonate (PB 133, AKA MilStop^OG): 2.5 lb to 5.0 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. See label for small volume application rates.
• Pseudomonas chlororaphis (Howler^OM): 2.5 to 7.5 lbs/A. PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Use preventatively. 
• pydiflumetofen plus fludioxonil (Miravis Prime): 11.4 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 12.
• pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11.
• thyme oil (Guarda): See label for rate; PHI 0h, REI 0h, Group NC. See label for application methods.
• triflumizole (Procure): 6 to 8 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 3.

Black Leg (Phoma lingam, Leptosphaeria maculans)

Symptoms of this fungal disease include grayish lesions with dark borders on leaves and stems. All brassica crops are susceptible. Rotate away from brassicas for at least 3 years. Start with certified, disease-free seed, or treat seed with hot water. Inspect seedlings for infection before planting out into the field. Use proper plant and row spacing to ensure good air circulation. Avoid overhead irrigation if possible. Control weeds, especially those in the family Brassicaceae. Avoid working in fields when foliage is wet. Promptly incorporate plant debris after harvest, or mow if tillage is not possible in late fall crops.

• fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Priaxor Xemium): 6.0 to 8.2 fl. oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12 h, Groups 7 & 11.
• iprodione (Rovral 4F): 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group 2. Broccoli only.
• potassium bicarbonate (MilStop^OG): 2.5 to 5.0 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. See label for small volume application rates.
• pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11.
• thiram (Thiram 42-S): 8 lb/A; REI 24h, Group M3. Seed treatment.

Black Rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris)

Symptoms of this bacterial disease include yellow to brown lesions, most often on the leaf margins. Some lesions will have a characteristic V shape and blackened veins. Practice a 3-year crop rotation with all brassica crops. Start with certified disease-free seed or treat seed with hot water. Use proper plant and row spacing to ensure good air circulation. Avoid overhead irrigation if possible. Control weeds, especially those in the family Brassicaceae. Avoid working in fields when foliage is wet. Promptly incorporate plant debris after harvest, or mow if tillage is not possible in late fall crops.

• acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard): 0.5 to 1.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group P 01. Suppression only.
• Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS-351 plus methyl salicylate (Leap ES): See label for rates; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11A. See label for application methods and restrictions.
• copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 0.75 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
• laminarim (Vacciplant): 14.0 to 22.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P04. See label for application methods and restrictions.
• mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 1.0 to 1.75 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01. Not labeled for cauliflower.
• Pseudomonas chlororaphis (Howler^OG): 2.5 to 7.5 lbs/A. PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Use preventatively. Not labeled for cauliflower.

Club Root (Plasmodiophora brassicae)

Initial symptoms include stunting, yellowing, and wilting. This disease is characterized by marked swelling and deformity of roots. There is currently no way to eliminate club root from infested soil, but the pathogen can be suppressed by practicing a long crop rotation and increasing soil pH. Maintain soil at a pH of 7.0-7.2 by applying lime (maximum of 1000 lbs/A per application). Practice a routine 3-year rotation for all brassica crops; if club root is detected in a field, rotate out of brassicas in that field for 7 years. After a 7-year crop rotation, pH adjustment and fungicide applications may reduce the viable club root spores to below economic threshold levels of infection for many growing seasons to come. Cold, wet soils favor club root development and spore survival. Resistant varieties of some brassica crops are available. Prevent the movement of infested soil and irrigation water into uninfested fields.

• cyazofamid (Ranman): 12.9 to 25.75 fl oz/100 gal (transplant drench); PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Tank mix with an organosilicone surfactant. Transplant soil drench or soil incorporation. See label for details.
• fluazinam (Omega 500 F): 6.45 fl oz/100gal (transplant drench); PHI 7-50d, REI 12h, Group 29. Transplant soil drench or incorporation. PHI varies by crop. See label for details.
• Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 (Serenade ASO): 2.0 to 4.0 gt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02.
• PCNB (Blocker 4F): Rate varies depending upon application method—see label; REI 12h, Group 14. For transplant applications, mix 3 pts into 100 gal water and use 0.5 to 0.75 pts solution per plant, based on severity of field infestation. Maintain agitation to hold product in suspension. For banded applications, apply as a 12-inch band, in 25 gal water per acre or 5.5 fl oz water per 100 ft of row based on 40-inch row spacing. For broadcast applications, apply in 30 gal water prior to planting. For all application methods, thoroughly incorporate into soil after application.

Downy Mildew (Hyaloperonospora brassicae)

Symptoms include angular yellow to orange lesions with dark speckling or veining on the upper sides of leaves, and crusty white sporulation on the upper and undersides of leaves. Resistant varieties of some brassica crops are available. Use proper plant and row spacing to ensure good air circulation. Avoid overhead irrigation if possible. Control weeds, especially those in the family Brassicaceae.

• acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard): 0.5 to 1.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12 h, Group P01.
• ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 45 & 40.
• azoxystrobin (Quadris): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11.
• Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.12 to 1.0 lb/A as a soil drench; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group 44. Suppression only. For improved control, mix or rotate with an approved chemical fungicide.
• chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group M05. See label for replant restrictions.
• copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 0.75 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
• cyazofamid (Ranman): 2.75 fl oz/A (foliar application); PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Tank mix with an organosilicone surfactant. 
• dimethomrph (Forum): 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 40. Apply in combination with a labeled rate of another non-Group 40 fungicide.
• fenamidone (Reason SC): 5.5 to 8.2 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.
• fluazinam (Omega 500F): 15.35 fl oz/A (foliar application); PHI 7d, REI 12-48h, Group 29. Cabbage and Chinese cabbage only. REI = 48h for handset irrigation, 12h for all other activites.
• fluopicolide (Presidio): 3.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 43. Tank mix with a non-Group 43 fungicide.
• fosetyl aluminum (Aliette WDG): 3.0 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 33. Do not mix with copper fungicides. Lower rates of Aliette (2 to 3 lb) can be used when tank mixed with another fungicide labeled for downy mildew control.
• mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 1.0 to 1.75 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01. Broccoli and cabbage only.
• mandipropamid (Revus): 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group 40. A spreading/penetrating type adjuvant must be added.
• mefenoxam (Subdue MAXX): 25 to 50 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Group 4. Do not apply foliar sprays without a labeled tank mix partner.
• mefenoxam plus chlorothalonil (Ridomil Gold Bravo SC): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Groups 4 & M05. See label for plant-back restrictions and restrictions on certain brassicas.
• oxathiapiprolin plus mandipropamid (Orondis Ultra): 5.5 to 8.0 fl.oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Groups 49 & 40. Begin foliar application prior to disease development. Use higher rate when disease is present. A spreading/penetrating adjuvant must be added.
• phosphorous acid (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 33. Do not apply to plants that are heat- or moisture-stressed. Do not apply directly to plants treated with copper within 20-day interval to avoid plant injury.
• potassium bicarbonate (PB 133, AKA MilStop^OG): 2.5 to 5.0 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. See label for small volume application rates.
• Pseudomonas chlororaphis (Howler^OG): 2.5 to 7.5 lbs/A. PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Use preventatively.
• pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11.
• Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia^OG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A ground application; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group P5. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific application instructions.

Fusarium Yellows

This fungal pathogen is soil-borne and may also be seedborne. Plant resistant varieties. Prevent the movement of infested soil to clean fields. Provide adequate fertility; potassium deficiency increases disease severity.

Seed Decay and Damping-off

Buy treated seed. Do not use treated seed for food, feed or oil purposes.

• Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.125 to 1.0 lb/A at planting; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 02. Suppression only.
• mefenoxam (Apron XL): 0.32 to 0.64 fl oz/lb seed; REI 48h, Group 4. For Pythium damping-off protection.
• Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61 (MycoStop^OG): See label for rates; REI 4h.
• thiram (Thiram 42-S): 8.0 fl oz/100 lb seed; REI 24h, Group M03. Seed treatment.

Wire Stem, Crater Rot, and Head Rot (Rhizoctonia solani)

Diseases of brassica crops in this section caused by R. solani include wirestem and damping-off (seedlings), crater rot (root crops), and bottom or head rot (cabbage). Lesions caused by Rhizoctonia are brown to black and may be sunken. Rhizoctonia can be carried on the seeds of most brassica species and is ubiquitous in most soils, where it survives indefinitely. Start with certified, disease-free seed. Practice good sanitation in transplant production in order to avoid later need for fungicide drenches. Use treated seed for direct-seeding. Practices that encourage rapid germination and establishment limit disease development. Avoid planting transplants too deeply. Rotate crops. Do not plant susceptible brassicas in fields with undecomposed crop residues. No highly resistant varieties are available. Fungicide treatments in the field have limited effectiveness.

• PCNB (Blocker 4F): Rate varies depending upon application method—see label; REI 12h, Group 14. Note: R. solani referred to as Corticium solani on label.
• polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.

Turnip Mosaic Virus

Turnip mosaic virus can infect most brassica crops but it is most commonly seen in Chinese cabbage and bok choy. It is spread by many species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner; therefore, insecticides are of little or no value in controlling its spread. This virus survives the winter in perennial weeds. Symptoms vary with host and include yellow and/or necrotic spots, mosiac, leaf deformity, and interveinal chlorosis. Environmental conditions also affect symptom expression. Partially resistant cultivars include 'Nabyeng', 'Kongng', 'Tip Top', and 'Ta Feng'. These cultivars may be intolerant of heat.

Disease Control

NOTES: For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 26 and Insecticides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

All tolerances for chlorpyrifos in food crops were revoked in 2022, therefore products containing chlorpyrifos (e.g. Lorsban) cannot be applied to any food crop and growers CANNOT use up existing stock.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.

The symbol ^OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

A spreader-sticker should be used with insecticides on these crops, as it will help provide better coverage and more insecticide persistence.

Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)

Only crops and weeds in the brassica family are suitable hosts for cabbage aphid (CA). Cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and Brussels sprouts are most severely affected, but other crops may become infested. Aphids tend to be more of a problem in fall plantings. Adults, both winged and wingless, and nymphs are grayish green with a dark head and short, dark cornicles, but appear more grayish white because the body is covered with a fine, white, powdery secretion. In fall, eggs are laid on the undersides of leaves of the same crops or weeds that were fed on during the summer, and survive the winter on brassica host plants. This differs from the life cycle of many aphid pests of vegetables, where eggs are laid and overwinter on alternate hosts outside the field. Eggs typically hatch in April. Nymphs feed and develop into reproductive females who produce live young without mating. Winged adults disperse with wind and infest new crops. There are multiple summer generations and potential for huge population growth, especially where long-season crops are infested early. CA prefers to feed on young leaves, flower buds or seed stalks in the upper part of the plant and also feeds in developing Brussels sprout buds. Dense colonies may develop. Feeding injury includes wrinkled and downward-curling leaves, yellow leaves, reduced growth, contamination with aphid honeydew, and contamination of the marketable parts of the plant with aphids. CA can also transmit cauliflower mosaic and cabbage ring spot virus, among other viruses; transmission is non-persistent, with virus particles passed to new plants by probing. Natural enemies can suppress populations, but may not be able to prevent high densities that may occur in cool fall weather. Cultural controls include soil incorporation of crop residues immediately after harvest or, for overwintering brassicas, before eggs hatch in spring. Control brassica weeds in or near fields. Check transplants to be sure they are clean. Use reflective mulch to repel aphids. Use selective products when controlling other pests to conserve beneficials. If CA is a consistent problem, systemic insecticides used at planting or sidedress may eliminate early infestations. Scout weekly to determine % infested plants, starting before harvested portions of the plant form. Treat if >10% of the plants are infested with aphids, especially after heads or sprouts begin to form. Or select 10 leaves at 10 sites for 100 leaves per field, and treat if >20% have aphids. Coverage of all leaf surfaces, buds and new growth is key. Waiting until there are heavy outbreaks or until just before harvest makes it hard to prevent loss of marketable yield.

Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) can also infest brassicas. For more information, see green peach aphid in the Pepper section.

• acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A; PHI 14d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Green peach aphid only. Brussels sprouts and cauliflower only.
• acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2 to 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
• afidopyropen (Versys): 1.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12 h, Bee: L, Group 9D.
• azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake.
• Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESO^OG): 8 to 32 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. Treat when populations are low and thoroughly cover foliage. Takes 7-10 days after the first spray to see control. Repeat applications may be needed.
• bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 2 to 4 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN. Suppression only.
• Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
• clove oil, thyme oil plus cinnamon oil (EcotrolG2^OG): 16 to 22 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee: L, Group UN. Apply as a band at planting or after planting and incorporate into soil to depth of 3-6". Repellent.
• cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.
• cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting.
• dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 to 16 oz/A for broccoli and cauliflower, 8 oz/A for kale and mustard, 16 oz/A Brussels sprouts; PHI 7d broccoli and cauliflower, 14d kale and mustard, 0d Brussels sprouts, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Broccoli, cauliflower, kale, mustard, Brussels sprouts only.
• dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.32 oz/1,000 sq ft, 3.5 to 7 oz/100 gal, 7 to 14 oz/A; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kohlrabi transplants only while in greenhouse. Not for field use.
• dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A for foliar applications or 5 to 7.5 oz/A for soil applications to head and stem brassicas, 2 to 3 oz/A for foliar application only to leafy brassicas; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, as a transplant or post-seeding drench, as a sidedress, or through drip. Head and stem brassicas only. Suppression only.
• fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. May be combined with Belay insecticide (see label for rates and 21d PHI). Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging. Head and stem brassicas only.
• flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9C.
• flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 14 oz/A foliar, 21 to 28 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D.
• imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A soil; 1.3 oz/A foliar; PHI 21d soil, 7d foliar, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
• insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May need to make repeated applications. For enhanced and residual control, apply with companion labeled insecticide.
• lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem brassicas only. Suppression only.
• malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1 to 2 pt/A for broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, and kohlrabi, 1 to 1.6 pt/A for kale and mustard greens, 1.5 to 1.6 pt/A for collards; PHI 2d broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, 7d cabbage, kale, collards, kohlrabi, mustard greens, REI 48h broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, 24h kohlrabi; 12h collards, kale, mustard greens, Bee: H, Group 1B.
• petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.
• pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9A. Selective control of aphids including cabbage aphid. Translaminar.
• pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
• sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 100 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur, or oils.
• spirotetramat (Movento): 4 to 5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: M, Group 23. Must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant with spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and sytemicity; don't use sticker adjuvants. Controls immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility.
• sulfoxaflor (Closer SC): 1.5 to 2 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4C.
• thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d leafy brassica greens, 0d head and stem brassicas, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
• thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment.
• tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A.

Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia ni), Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella), and Imported Cabbageworm (Pieris rapae)

Diamondback moth and imported cabbageworm are pests throughout the growing season, while cabbage looper generally does not become a pest until mid- to late-season.

Imported cabbageworm (ICW) is the offspring of the cabbage butterfly, a daytime flyer often visible in brassica fields. Wings are white, and the forewing has a dark border and 1-2 round black spots. Eggs, laid singly on leaves, are about 0.125 in. long, light green or yellow, and slightly elongated, standing upright. ICW caterpillars are gray-green with a thin yellow line down the back, slightly fuzzy, reach 1.25 in. long, and are sluggish when touched. Feeding and resting occur on the underside of leaves, and larvae feed more heavily in the center or head of cabbage or broccoli. Damage includes round or ragged feeding holes and deposits of wet, green or brownish frass. The overwintering stage is the chrysalis (pupa), which is green or brown, smooth, with 3 pointed ridges on its back. There are 3-4 generations per year with adults first appearing in May.

Cabbage looper (CL) does not overwinter in New England but arrives in migratory flights from farther south. Generally, numbers are not significant until late July or August. Adult moths are mottled gray-brown, 0.75 in. long, with a distinct, round, silver-white mark on the wing. Bucket-type pheromone traps can be used to monitor moth flight. Eggs are globe-shaped, light green or yellow, and on undersides of leaves. Caterpillars are light green, with wavy, white or light yellow lines down the back and sides, reaching 1.5-2 in. when full grown. Cabbage loopers of any size move like inchworms by raising the middle of their body in a characteristic "loop" shape. Feeding damage from older larvae consists of ragged, large holes in foliage, on both frame leaves and heads.

Diamondback moth (DBM) adults are small (<0.5 in.), light brown with a yellow diamond-shaped marking, and rest with their wings folded together like a tent. Adult moths are active at dusk and during the night. Caterpillars reach a length of 3/4 in., are light green, and are segmented and pointed at both ends. When disturbed they wiggle vigorously and may drop off the plant on a string of silk. Feeding causes small, round holes and tends to be spread across the foliage rather than concentrated in the head.

Incorporate crop residues shortly after harvest to reduce movement to successive plantings and reduce overwintering populations. Populations are suppressed by a wide range of natural enemies and there are several selective materials that control caterpillars and have minimal non-target effects (e.g. Xentari, Dipel, Coragen, Intrepid). Parasitic wasps that attack caterpillars include Cotesia rubecula on ICW and Diadegma insulare on DBM; their small white cocoons may be found on leaves.

Scout fields by checking leaves (top and bottom) on 25 plants across the field. In the Northeast, there is generally no need to treat young plants unless weather conditions delay plant development and at least 35% of plants are infested with any of these pests. Treat plants between the start of heading and harvest if 20% or more of the plants are infested. The most critical time to scout and apply chemical controls is just prior to head formation. Use a 10-15% threshold throughout the season for kale, collards, mustard, and other leafy greens.

Do not use less than 50 gal spray material/A; higher volumes provide better coverage. Better coverage of lower leaf surfaces can be achieved by using drop nozzles. Use a spreader-sticker. Use selective materials to spare beneficials that help control aphids and caterpillars. DBM has become resistant to many synthetic and microbial insecticides. Even if you are getting excellent control of this pest with the materials presently being used, you should alternate between effective materials to slow development of resistance. Newer materials and the aizawai strain of Bacillus thuringiensis will usually provide better control of resistant DBM than older products. Use transplants grown in New England to avoid importing DBM that have already developed resistance to one or more classes of insecticides.

• acephate (Orthene 97): 1 lb/A; PHI 14d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. For Brussels sprouts and cauliflower only. DBM has developed resistance in some areas. 
• acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. For suppression of DBM only.
• alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A DBM and ICW, 3.2 to 3.8 oz/A CL; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake.
• azadirachtin & pyrethrins (Azera^OG): 16 to 56 oz/A foliar, drench, and greenhouse applications; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Groups un & 3A.
• Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. Particularly effective against DBM. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).
• Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A DBM & ICW, 0.5 to 1 lb/A CL; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. Particularly effective against DBM. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).
• Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESO): 16 to 32 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. Use high rate for CL. May be used alone or tank mixed with Bacillus thuringiensis products. Takes 7-10 days after application to see control.
• beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.4 oz/A CL and ICW, 2.4 to 3.2 oz/A DBM; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 1 to 4 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
• carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 3d broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kohlrabi, 14d Chinese cabbage, collards, kale, and mustard greens, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. DBM and ICW only.
• chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May be applied to soil at planting, through drip chemigation, and as a foliar spray. Do not apply more than twice to any generation of DBM.
• Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
• cryolite (Prokil Cryolite): 8 to 16 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group UN. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower only. 
• cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 10 to 17 oz/A CL, 7 to 13.5 oz/A ICW and DBM; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. For DBM resistance management, do not apply Exirel more than twice within any 30-day window.
• cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 10 oz/A CL, 5 to 10 oz/A DBM and ICW; PHI 1d chemigation, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting and drip chemigation.
• cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: H, Group 28. See label for DBM resistance management.
• emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 2.4 to 4.8 oz/A DBM and ICW, 3.2 to 4.8 oz/A CL; PHI 7d head and stem brassicas, 14d leafy brassicas, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Rotate to another product after 2 applications.
• esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A for most species, 2.9 to 5.8 oz/A for ICW on broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and Chinese cabbage; PHI 3d broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, kohlrabi, 7d collards and mustard greens, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Use high rate for mustard greens. Not for DBM. Not for ICW on kohlrabi.
• fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. Head and stem brassicas only. May be combined with DiPel DF; see label for rates.
• gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.77 to 1.28 oz/A CL and ICW, 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A DBM; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem brassicas only.
• indoxacarb (Avaunt): 2.5 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 22. Use high rate for DBM. Add a wetting agent to improve spray coverage.
• lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.96 to 1.6 oz/A CL and ICW, 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A DBM; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem brassicas only.
• malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1 to 2 pt/A broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, and kohlrabi, 1 to 1.6 pt/A kale and mustard greens, 1.6 pt/A collards; PHI 2d broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower, 7d cabbage, kale, collards, kohlrabi, and mustard greens, REI 48h broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, 24h kohlrabi, 12h collards, kale, and mustard greens, Bee: H, Group 1B. Not for DBM except on collards.
• methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A for CL and DBM, 0.75 to 3 pt/A for ICW on broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, 1.5 to 3 pt/A for ICW on Brussels sprouts, collards, kale, mustard greens; PHI 1d cabbage, 3d broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, 10d Chinese cabbage, collards, kale, mustard greens, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Not for ICW or DBM on Chinese cabbage. Add wetting agent to improve coverage. 
• methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 10 oz/A ICW and CL; 12 to 16 oz/A DBM; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Suppression only for DBM. Use lower rates when plants are small and infestations are light for CL and ICW.
• novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): 6 to 12 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 16B. Not labeled for collards or kale. Most effective on 1st and 2nd instars.
• permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 6.4 oz/A Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli and kohlrabi, 3.2 to 12.8 oz/A for broccoli, Chinese broccoli, cabbage, and Chinese cabbage; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
• sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur, or oils. CL only. 
• spinetoram (Radiant SC): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Efficacy improves with the addition of an adjuvant.
• spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 3 to 6 oz/A CL & ICW, 1.5 to 4 oz/A DBM; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. See label for resistance management restrictions for DBM.
• tebufenozide (Confirm 2F): 6 to 8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Use low rate for early-season applications to young, small plants. Use of an adjuvant is recommended. ICW and CL only.
• tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1 d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A. ICW and DBM only. 
• zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.24 to 4 oz/A DBM, ICW, 3.2 to 4 CL; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Cabbage Maggot (Delia radicum)

Cabbage root maggot is a pest of all types of brassicas, but is particularly damaging in cabbage, broccoli, Chinese cabbage, radish, turnips, and rutabaga. The first flight in April and May damages early spring brassicas, and the third flight from mid-August into September primarily injures fall root crops. Flies overwinter as pupae near roots of fall brassica crops and weeds. Adult flies become active at about 288 growing degrees days (GDD, base temperature 40°F), which occurs 1-2 weeks after forsythia starts to bloom and when yellow rocket (winter cress, Barbarea vulgaris) blooms. Fifty percent emergence (peak flight) occurs at about 450 GDD. Adult flies are delicate, hump-backed, gray-brown flies with long legs, about 5-7 mm long. Small (1.1 mm), white, bullet-shaped eggs are laid singly or in clumps in the top 1-3 inches of soil, near the stem. Wet areas with heavy or rich soil are attractive for egg-laying. Maggots are white with black mouth hooks, feed on roots, and grow to 8 mm long. The oval, brown pupae are found close to the roots. There are 2-3 generations per year in New England. Root damage causes plants to wilt, turn yellow or purple, become stunted or delayed, or die. Early infestation and large pest populations increase plant losses. Eggs are killed by exposure to soil temperatures above 95°F for several days in a row, especially in dry soil. Often these conditions occur in late May or early June.

Incorporate and disk brassica crop residues after harvest to expose and kill pupae, especially in the fall. Rotate spring crops to fields that were not planted with brassicas the previous fall. Avoid spring applications of manure or compost, which increase attractiveness of the field for egg-laying. Avoid wet fields or sections of the field. Protect spring crops with spunbonded row covers, and use covers only on rotated fields, or else the flies will emerge under the covers. Place covers over the crop at the time of seeding or transplanting and seal the edges with soil. Time your seeding or transplanting to avoid exposing young plants to peak flight periods; delay spring crops until after peak flight and when soils warm up. 

Most labeled materials are labeled only for use pre-plant, at the time of planting or seeding—either in the seed furrow or as a transplant drench—or immediately after setting transplants. Use pre- or at-plant treatments only if damaging populations are expected, such as in fields with high organic matter or a history of infestations. Scout transplant trays before setting out plants in the field. Treat transplants if eggs are found in the tray by adding insecticide to transplant water, or as a post-plant drench, as labels allow. A pencil is a good tool to gently stir the soil at the base of the plant and look for eggs. Yellow sticky cards placed near brassicas capture adult flies, and along with GDD, are a good indicator of the onset of adult flight. Scout for eggs—in transplant trays and the field—as soon as flies are active. In the field, finding an average of 1egg per plant can indicate a damaging population. Again, control options are limited once plants are in the field, but scouting to understand infestation levels can help inform management decisions in future plantings. Resistance to organophosphate (Group 1B) insecticides has been documented; rotate among chemical classes where possible to slow development of resistance. 

• bifenthrin (Capture LFR): 3.4 to 6.8 oz/A; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3. Apply as a 5- to 7-inch T-band over the open seed furrow, or in-furrow with the seed. Head and stem brassicas only. 
• chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May only be applied as transplant water treatment to soil at planting. For suppression only.
• cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 10 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting.
• diazinon (Diazinon* AG500): 2 to 3 qt/A (pre-plant broadcast and incorporation applications), 4 to 8 oz/50 gal water (transplant water drench); PHI 7d, REI 4 days, Bee: H, Group 1B. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower only. Transplant water treatments may result in stand reduction due to plant stress at time of transplanting.
• spinetoram (Radiant SC): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Suppression only. For direct-seeded crops, apply directly to base of plants and adjacent soil when crop has developed to the two true leaf stage, and make second application 2-3 weeks later. For transplanted crops, apply immediately after transplanting and make second application 2-3 weeks later. A third application may be needed under high pest pressure conditions, such as when there is a large amount of debris from a previous brassica crop or when adjacent brassica fields are being harvested. For optimum control, direct the spray in a narrow band at the base of the plants. Do not make more than 3 applications of Group 5 insecticides (spinetoram and spinosad) per crop cycle for cabbage root maggot suppression. For brassica leafy vegetables only (e.g., broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale). Not for brassica roots (e.g., radish, turnip). 
• spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Suppression only. For direct-seeded crops, apply directly to base of plants and adjacent soil when crop has developed to the two true leaf stage, and make second application 2-3 weeks later. For transplanted crops, apply immediately after transplanting and make second application 2-3 weeks later. A third application may be needed under high pest pressure conditions, such as when there is a large amount of debris from a previous brassica crop or when adjacent brassica fields are being harvested. For optimum control, direct the spray in a narrow band at the base of the plants. Do not make more than three applications of Group 5 insecticides (spinetoram and spinosad) per crop cycle for cabbage root maggot suppression. For brassica leafy vegetables only (e.g., broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale). Not for brassica roots (e.g., radish, turnip). 
• tolfenpyrad (Torac): 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A.

Cabbage Whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella)

An emerging pest in the Northeast United States, cabbage whitefly originates from Europe and is a pest in many areas of the world. Adults are small (1.5 mm) with white wings, and can be distinguished from greenhouse and sweet potato whitefly by 2 gray blotches on each forewing. Eggs are laid in a half-moon or circular pattern on the undersides of leaves. Immature stages are flat and scale-like. Both adults and nymphs feed on plant sap. Large populations will reduce plant vigor and quality, and adults and nymphs deposit honeydew on leaf surfaces on which sooty mold grows. Cabbage whitefly feeds and reproduces on brassicas, as well as other crops and weeds such as alfalfa, fava bean and dandelion. Preferred hosts are kale and Brussels sprouts.

• beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 3.2 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For suppression of adults only.
• bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
• chlothianidin (Belay): 3 to 4 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Suppression only. Do not use on crops grown for seed. Must not be applied during bloom or when bees are foraging. 
• cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.
• cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A at planting, 6.75 to 10 oz/A chemigation; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting, drip chemigation, or soil injection. Allow 1-3 days for material to be translocated into aerial portions of the plant. When populations are high, use a foliar control during this period.
• dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil for heading brassicas, 2 to 3 oz/acre for leafy brassicas; PHI 1d foliar, PHI 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, as a transplant or post-seeding drench, as a sidedress, or through drip.
• flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 10.5 to 14 oz/A foliar, 21 to 28 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 45d soil, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D.
• gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only. Head and stem brassicas only. 
• imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A soil, 1.3 oz/A foliar, 0.44 oz/10,000 plants on seedling transplants in greenhouse; PHI 21d soil, PHI 7d foliar, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Planthouse applications only provide short-term protection; an additional field application must be made within 2 weeks following transplanting to provide continuous protection.
• insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May need to make repeated applications. For enhanced and residual control, apply with a companion labeled insecticide.
• lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only. Head and stem brassicas only.
• petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.
• pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9A. Suppression only. Apply when whiteflies first appear.
• pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A, 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
• pyriproxyfen (Knack): 8 to 10 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 7C. Insect growth regulator, only effective on immature stages. Higher water volumes may provide improved control. 
• spiromesifen (Oberon 2SC): 7 to 8.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 23. Most effective on egg and immature stages. Complete coverage is necessary. An adjuvant may be used to improve coverage and control. 
• thiamethoxam (Actara): 3.0 to 5.5 oz/A; PHI 7d leafy brassica greens, 0d head and stem brassicas, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
• thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used in an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seedling root zone during or after transplanting operations or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment.

Cross-striped Cabbageworm (Evergestis rimosalis)

Formerly restricted to areas south of New England, this insect is now a significant pest of brassicas in CT, RI and MA. It has 2-3 generations per year and is most abundant on late-season plantings. Unlike the other major caterpillar pests on brassicas, the cross-striped cabbageworm (CSCW) lays its eggs in clusters of 3-25 rather than singly, infested plants have many caterpillars and are often completely skeletonized while adjacent plants may be left undamaged. Egg clusters are yellow, flattened, overlapping like fish scales, and attached to the lower leaf surfaces. Larvae grow to 3/4 in. long in 2-3 weeks. The caterpillars are light bluish-grey on top and green underneath, with numerous black bands across their backs and a yellow stripe down each side. Pupation takes place in soil, near the surface. Caterpillars produce small holes in leaves until only veins remain; they target terminal buds and sprouts and may burrow into heads. Plow under debris after harvest and control wild mustard and Shepherd's purse to help reduce pest populations. Scout weekly for caterpillars and damage. Spray if 5% of the plants are infested with CSCW. Use selective insecticides to preserve parasitic wasps.

• azadirachtin & pyrethrins (Azera^OG): 16 to 56 oz/A foliar, drench, and greenhouse applications; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Groups UN & 3A.
• Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).
• Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).
• chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May be applied to soil at planting, through drip chemigation, and as a foliar spray.
• Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo ^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
• cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: H, Group 28.
• emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 2.4 to 4.8 oz/A; PHI 7d head and stem brassicas, 14d leafy brassicas and turnip greens, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Rotate to another product after 2 applications.
• fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3. Head and stem brassicas only. May be combined at with Dipel DF for control of other caterpillars; see label for rates.
• indoxacarb (Avaunt): 2.5 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 22. Add a wetting agent to improve spray coverage.
• methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 8 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18.
• pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
• tebufenozide (Confirm 2F): 6 to 8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Use low rate for early season applications to young, small plants. Use of an adjuvant is recommended.

Cutworm

See cutworms in the Pepper and Outdoor Tomato sections for more information on black and variegated cutworms.

• alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).
• Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).
• beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• carbaryl (10% Sevin Granules): 20 lb/A; PHI 3d broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi, 14d Chinese cabbage, collards, kale, mustard greens, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. For broadcast treatment only. Use within 30 days of crop emergence or transplanting.
• Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
• cryolite (Prokil Cryolite): 8 to 16 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee:L, Group UN. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower only. 
• diazinon (Diazinon* AG500): 2 to 4 qt/A broadcast and incorporate before planting; REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collards, kale, mustard greens, and cauliflower only.
• esfenvalerate (Asana*XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d, PHI 7d collards, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, and collards only.
• fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. Head and stem brassicas only. 
• gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.77 to 1.28 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem brassicas only.
• lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.96 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem brassicas only.
• methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 1d cabbage, 3d Brussels sprouts and cauliflower, 10d collards, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Variegated cutworm only.
• methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Suppression only.
• permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Cabbage and Chinese cabbage only.
• spinosad (Seduce^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A, 0.5 to1 lb/1000 sq ft; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Spread bait on soil around plants.
• zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.24 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Flea Beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae and P. striolata)

In New England, 2 species of flea beetle are found on brassicas: the crucifer flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae), which is uniformly black and shiny, and the striped flea beetle (P. striolata), which is black with 2 yellow stripes on its back. Both are about 2mm in length. Both species feed only on brassicas, and attack all types of brassica crops and weeds. Populations have increased over the past twenty-five years, so that on many farms flea beetle is a key pest of brassicas. Adult beetles overwinter outside cropped fields, in the soil surface and decaying plant residue of shrubby or woody borders. They search out host crops from early May into June and feed on leaves and stems, leaving small round pits and holes. Beetles hop quickly off the plant when disturbed. Eggs are laid in soil near the plant. Tiny white larvae feed on root hairs and pupate underground. New adults emerge from mid-July through early August and feed throughout August. Spring crops are damaged by over-wintered adults, while fall crops are damaged by summer adults, but it may be difficult to distinguish the generations when pressure is severe. Feeding generally declines in September, as adults leave fields for overwintering. There may be a small second generation of adults, which emerges in late September. Heavy feeding can kill seedlings, and moderate damage can stunt growth, delay maturity, reduce yield, and make crops unmarketable. Crops with more waxy leaves (Brassica oleracea crops such as cabbage, broccoli, and kale) are less attractive and feeding is more restricted to leaf margins, especially as crop matures. Crops with glossy leaves (B. rapa crops such bok choy and Napa cabbage or B. juncea crops such as mustard) are highly attractive; the whole leaf is damaged and the crop is susceptible until harvest.

Escape peak adult activity and avoid the buildup of high populations by rotating spring crops as far as possible from last season's fall brassica crops, and planting late-season crops far from early brassicas. Where feasible, avoiding all early brassicas (until July) can be used to break the reproductive cycle. Incorporate and till crops immediately after harvest to expose and kill larvae and pupae. Provide adequate water and nutrients for crop growth. Avoid soil compaction. Floating row covers provide excellent protection of the crop if well-secured with soil or sand bags around all edges immediately after seeding or transplanting. Remove and replace the same day for cultivation, as needed. Use attractive brassica types (B. rapa or B. juncea) on borders or within the field as a trap crop to draw beetles away from less attractive types. Spray the trap crop to suppress beetles in the whole field, and to protect the trap crop for harvest. Scout across the field by counting beetles from above, then under the leaves, and estimating % leaf damage. Because brassica crops differ greatly in susceptibility and attractiveness there is no fixed economic threshold that applies to all crops and crop stages. A working threshold of 1 beetle per plant or >10% average leaf damage on 50% of the plants has proved effective in leafy greens and early stages of heading brassicas. Repeated applications may be needed if pressure is high.

• alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake.
• azadirachtin & pyrethrins (Azera^OG): 16 to 56 oz/A foliar, drench, and greenhouse applications; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Groups UN & 3A.
• beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 2.4 to 3.2 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Cabbage flea beetle only.
• bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 0.5 to 1 qt/A; PHI 3d cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, 14d kale, collards, Chinese cabbage, mustard, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.
• cryolite (Prokil Cryolite): 8 to 16 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group UN. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower only. 
• cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.
• cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A at planting, 6.75 to 10 oz/A chemigation; PHI 1d chemigation, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. 
• cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: H, Group 28.
• dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A for foliar application to head and stem brassicas, 2 to 3 oz/A for foliar application to leafy brassicas; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
• esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d broccoli, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and cauliflower, 7d collards, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, and collards only.
• fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. Head and stem brassicas only. Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging. May be combined with Belay (see label for rates).
• gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem brassicas only.
• imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 1.3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Foliar applications only.
• kaolin (Surround WP^OG): 25 to 50 lb/A or 0.25 to 0.5 lb/gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Suppression and repellence only. May be applied to transplants prior to setting in field. Use on seedlings and young plants. White residue is difficult to wash off leaves and heads; use only on very young leaves or leaves that will not be harvested.
• lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem brassicas only.
• permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Cabbage and Chinese cabbage only.
• petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed. For beetle larvae only. 
• pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
• spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 4 to 8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Suppression only.
• thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d leafy brassica greens, 0d head and stem brassicas, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
• thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment.
• tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A.
• zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.24 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci)

Onion thrips can be a significant problem on cabbage, where thrips feed on inner leaves of the head which are difficult to target by spraying. Damage may also occur on leafy brassicas such as broccoli, kale and collards, especially fall crops that are planted near a maturing onion crop. Thrips cause rough, golden or brown scars to form on the underside of open leaves, or produce scars and discolored layers within cabbage heads. Inspection with a 10X lens shows wounds to the epidermis from the rasping mouthparts, and scars from wounds that healed over. Thrips damage can be confused with oedema, a physiological disorder. See onion thrips in the Onion section for more information on identification, life cycle and management. Damage is most severe in hot, dry weather.

Tolerant varieties are the most cost-effective means of controlling thrips in cabbage. Varietal resistance is generally not available in other brassicas. Consult your seed suppliers and search recent research trials regarding thrips tolerance on new varieties.

Avoid thrips by planting cabbage or fall brassica crops far from alliums, or field crops such as alfalfa, clover, wheat, or oats, as these crops may harbor large populations of thrips that may migrate to brassicas when these crops are cut or harvested. Scout young plants for thrips presence and feeding injury. Begin insecticide applications when damage is first noticed; in cabbage, apply foliar treatments before heads form. In fall brassicas, the need for thrips controls may coincide with sprays for flea beetle or caterpillars and some insecticides control both/all of these pests. Repeat applications at 7- to 10-day intervals, based on scouting. Use a shorter interval in hot, dry weather. Use spreader-sticker for better coverage. Apply in early evening, using high pressure and 100 gal water/A, for best results. Systemic insecticides applied as a side dress up to 4-6 weeks after transplanting may provide adequate control in long-season cabbage. Rotate between insecticide groups to prevent or delay resistance.

• acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Applications during the "cupping" stage of cabbage may be especially helpful in preventing injury.
• alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake.
• Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESO): 8 to 32 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. Thoroughly cover foliage. Takes 7-10 days after application to see control.
• beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
• cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. Suppression only.
• cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 10 to 13.5 oz/A at planting, 10 oz/A chemigation; PHI 1d chemigation, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. Suppression only.
• dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.32 dry oz/1,000 sq ft or 7 to 14 oz/A; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kohlrabi transplants only while in greenhouse. Not for field use. Suppression only.
• gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only. Head and stem brassicas only.
• imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil applications only.
• insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May need to make repeated applications. For enhanced and residual control, apply with companion labeled inseccticide.
• lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem brassicas only. Suppression only.
• novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): 12 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 16B. Most effective on immature stages. Not for collards and kale. 
• permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 6.4 oz/A Brussels sprouts and cauliflower, 3.2 to 12.8 oz/A broccoli and Chinese broccoli; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
• petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.
• pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
• spinetoram (Radiant SC): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Efficacy improves with the addition of an adjuvant.
• spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 4 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Efficacy improves with the addition of an adjuvant.
• sulfoxaflor (Closer SC): 5.75 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4C. Suppression only.
• thiamethoxam (Actara): 3 to 5.5 oz/A; PHI 7d leafy brassica greens, 0d head and stem brassicas, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
• thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment.
• zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3.2 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Slugs

There are several species of slugs that damage vegetable crops in New England, including grey garden, banded, marsh and spotted garden slugs. They may be dark gray, black, yellow or brown, covered with spots, and range from ¾ to nearly 4" long. Eggs may be laid several times per year, and slugs reach maturity in 3-6 months. They can become abundant in low- and no-till situations, in land that was recently fallow, along hedgerows, or wherever plant debris, mulches, stones, or boards provide cover and daytime hiding places. Slugs usually feed at night but may also feed during the day during prolonged periods of cloudy wet weather. They are attracted to succulent leaves in moist environments, such as cabbage, pak choi, and Chinese cabbage. They will also feed on fruiting crops such as tomato, pepper and eggplant. Damage appears as shredded foliage or shallow holes in fruit. They have a rasp-like tongue that wears a hole through the leaf instead of making a clean cut like a caterpillar or beetle. On some thick-leaved brassicas such as cabbage, the hole will appear larger on one leaf surface and taper to a smaller hole in the opposite surface. Scout by looking for silvery slime trails on leaves or turn over soil clods or debris to find slugs during daylight hours, or scout plants after dusk. Slug populations can also be monitored with unbaited traps consisting of 6-inch deep holes covered with foil-covered shingles, which provide a cool hiding place during the day. To control slugs use habitat and cultural management supplemented by handpicking or trapping (on a small scale), repellents and toxic baits. Grow plants away from moist, shaded habitats, use clean cultivation, control weeds, and eliminate hiding places. Use trickle irrigation instead of overhead to reduce humidity and moist surfaces. On a small scale, handpick slugs after dusk using gloves and drop slugs in soapy water; repeat for several days. Baits should be applied to the ground near infested plants. It may be necessary to reapply after a rain, or make multiple applications when populations are high.

• iron phosphate (Sluggo: Snail and Slug Bait^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Apply around perimeter, scatter around base of plants, or band down rows. Apply to moist soil in the evening.
• metaldehyde (Deadline Bullets): 20 to 40 lb/A; REI 12h, Bee: L. Soil surface treatment broadcast pre-planting, or band treatment between rows after formation of edible parts. Apply to moist soil in the evening. Do not apply directly to or contaminate edible portions of plants.

Swede Midge (Contarinia nasturtii)

A serious pest of crucifers in Europe. Recently introduced into North America, currently established in northwestern Vermont, with range expanding southward and eastward. Adults are tiny (1/16 in.), weak-flying, brown flies. Larvae are 1/8-inch long maggots that are translucent when small and turn yellow as they grow. They spend the winter as pupae in the top 2 in. of soil. Maggots infest the tissue near the growing tip and produce malformed plants with brown corky tissue, galls, no-heads, multi-heads, and twisted leaf petioles. Damage is most severe on broccoli, Chinese broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and brassica greens. There may be 3-4 generations each year. Scout young plants near field borders and tree lines prior to heading or at the pre-cupping stage. Avoid importing infested plants by using New England-grown transplants. Use a 3-year crop rotation. Plant spring brassicas at least 1/2 mile from fall brassica fields. Deep plowing destroys pupae. Spring plantings may avoid peak populations later in the season. If possible, plant away from tree lines that shelter weak-flying adults. Report and confirm infestations to a state IPM specialist or to your state plant diagnostic lab.

• acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4.
• azadirachtin & pyrethrins (Azera^OG): 16 to 56 oz/A foliar, drench, and greenhouse applications; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Groups UN & 3A.
• Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 2 to 4 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN. Suppression only.
• spirotetramat (Movento): 4 to 5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: M, Group 23. Must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant with spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and sytemicity; don't use sticker adjuvants. Controls immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility.

Insect Control

NOTES: For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using. 

Stale Seedbed

See Stale Seedbed Technique for information on the use of these herbicides or flaming.

• carfentrazone (Aim EC): PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 14.
• glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): PHI 14d, REI 4h, Group 9.
• paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): REI 12h or 24h, Group 22. *Restricted use: Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training every 3 years: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training-certified-applicators. 
• pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 0.

Preemergent Herbicides (before weeds germinate)

• bensulide (Prefar 4E): REI 12h, Group 0. Apply 5-6 qt/A per application, only 1 application per year. Can be applied before planting or after planting before crop has emerged. Incorporate 1-2” into the soil within 36 hours by shallow cultivation or with water through irrigation or rainfall. Grass control only; should be supplemented with cultivation or another registered herbicide for broadleaf control.
• napropamide (Devrinol 2-XT): REI 24h, Group 0. Apply up to 2 qt/A per application, only 1 application allowed per year. Apply in 10-100 gal/A of spray. Can be applied after direct seeding or transplanting. Incorporated 4-8” into the soil with shallow cultivation or water through irrigation or rainfall within 24 to 72 hours of application.
• oxyfluorfen (Goal 2 XL): REI 24h, Group 14. Transplanted broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower only. Apply 1-2 pt/A per application, only 1 application allowed per year. The soil surface should be free of excessive plant residue before applying. Apply to the final seedbed before transplanting and minimize soil disturbance when transplanting. Rate based on soil texture and organic matter, use lower rates on sandy soils. Temporary crop injury may occur, especially if leaves come into contact with treated soil. Applications made to stressed transplants may lead to crop damage and reduced yields. To decrease the risk of injury, plant transplants that are hardened off, older, and grown in containers larger than 1 square inch.
• pendimethalin (Prowl H2O): PHI 60d for broccoli, 70d for all others, REI 24h, Group 3. For broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower only. Apply 1-2.1 pt/A per application, only 1 application per year. Apply as a directed spray to the soil beneath plants and between vegetative rows of brassica head and stem vegetables. Apply when crop is at the 2- to 4-leaf stage. For transplants this will be about 1-3 days after transplanting. Do not spray foliage or stems because crop injury will occur. If rainfall or irrigation does not occur, mechanically incorporate to activate the herbicide.
• s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum): REI 24h, Group 15. MASSACHUSETTS and NEW HAMPSHIRE only: For broccoli, cabbage, and leafy brassica greens only. MAINE: cabbage only. Make sure the label for your state is available for download before using this product. This is a restricted label available only to growers who apply through the website www.syngenta-us.com/labels/indemnified-label-login and agree to a waiver of liability. Main target weeds for this registration are galinsoga and yellow nutsedge.
• sulfentrazone (Aquesta 4F): REI 12h, Group 14. For head and stem and cabbage transplants apply 2.25-12 oz/A per application. Do not exceed 12 oz/A per year. For leafy greens apply 2.25-6.4 oz/A per application. Do not exceed 6.4 oz/A per year. Rate based on soil texture, organic matter and soil pH. Do not use on soils that contain less than 1% organic matter. Product is not to be incorporated any deeper than 2” into the soil. Do not apply to soils that are frozen or have an existing snow cover. For head and stem/leafy greens: Apply to stubble or the soil surface in the fall or in the spring up to 72 hours before transplanting. For cabbage transplants: Apply to stubble or the soil surface, in the fall, or in the spring from 60 days before planting or transplanting up to 72 hours after transplanting. Application can be broadcast or banded. Preemergence applications up to 72 hours after transplanting should be a banded treatment in the row middles. For all brassicas types, if applying in spring prior to transplanting, can shallowly incorporate up to 2” into the soil.
• trifluralin (Treflan HFP): REI 12h, Group 3. Apply 1-2 pt/A per application, only 1 application per year. Apply before direct-seeding or transplanting and incorporate 2-3” into the soil of the final seedbed. Rate depends on soil texture, percent organic matter, rainfall, type of brassica, and whether they're grown for greens. Chinese cabbage and kohlrabi may be especially sensitive, so if applications are made when they are stressed, crop damage and yield reduction may occur.

Postemergent Herbicides (after weeds germinate)

• carfentrazone (Aim EC): PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 14. Apply 0.5-2 oz/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year. Do not exceed 6.1 oz/A per season. Can be applied as a preplant burndown no later than 7 days before direct-seeding or immediately before transplanting. Can also be applied to row middles of emerged crops with hooded sprayers to control emerged weeds. Prevent any spray from contacting the crop, or injury will occur. For best results, make application to actively growing weeds up to 4” tall and rosettes less than 3” across.
• clethodim (Select Max): PHI 30d head and stem brassicas, 14d leafy greens, REI 24h, Group 1. Apply 9-16 oz/A per application, up to 4 applications per year, a minimum of 14 days apart. Do not exceed 64 oz/A per year. Apply to actively growing grasses. Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt/100 gal of spray). Can also be applied as a spot-spray by mixing 0.33-0.66% (0.44-0.85 oz/gal) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz/gal). Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.
• clomazone (Command 3ME): PHI 45d, REI 12h, Group 13. For all brassicas (direct-seeded or transplanted) apply 10.7-21.3 oz/A per application, only 1 application per year. For transplanted cabbage (not direct-seeded), apply up to 21.3 fl oz/A per application, only 1 application per year. Apply within 72 hours for all transplanted brassicas, except broccoli and Chinese broccoli, which should be treated within 48 hours of transplanting. Apply after direct-seeding brassicas, prior to emergence. Use lower rates on coarse soil and higher rates on fine soils. Apply in a minimum of 10 gal/A of spray. Place roots of transplants below the treated soil when planting. There is limited local data available for Clomazone, so crop tolerance should be verified before treating the entire field.
• clopyralid (Stinger): PHI 30d, REI 12h, Group 4. Apply 4-8 oz/A per application, up to 2 applications allowed per year. Do not exceed 8 oz/A per year. Rate based on weed composition. Apply in 10-40 gal/A of spray. Spray additives are not recommended.
• glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): PHI 7d, REI 4h, Group 9. Apply 15 oz to 3.1 qts/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year. Do not exceed 5 qts/A per year. Rate based on target weed species. Can be applied during fallow intervals, prior to planting or transplanting, at planting, or before crop has emerged. May cause injury when applied prior to transplanting or direct-seeding into plastic mulch. Remove residual product from plastic mulch with a 0.5” of water through irrigation or rainfall prior to planting.
• paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): REI 12h or 24h, Group 22. Apply 1.3-2.7 pts/A per application. Up to 3 applications allowed per year, a minimum of 7 days apart. Do not exceed 8 pts/A per year. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. *Restricted use: Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training every 3 years: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training-certified-applicators.
• pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 0. Apply a 3-10% solution (3-10 gallons per 100 gallons of spray). Rate based on target weed species. Apply in 75-200 gal/A of spray or with a spot sprayer until foliage is wet but not to the point of runoff. Repeat applications as necessary. Can apply for vegetative burndown during site preparation, prior to crop emergence from soil, as a directed and shielded spray during crop growth taking care to avoid contact with foliage and green tissue of crops, or after harvest.
• sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 30d, 14d for mustard greens, REI 12h, Group 1. Apply up to 1.5 pt/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year, a minimum of 14 days apart. Do not exceed 3 pts/A per year. Apply to actively growing grasses. Use with crop oil concentrate (2 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A). Crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions. Can also be applied as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3-1.9 oz/gal) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz/gal). Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

Weed Control

Buttoning and Lack of Heads (Broccoli and Cauliflower)

Buttoning refers to premature formation of broccoli or cauliflower heads. It occurs when transplants do not have enough leaves to support a head of a marketable size. Buttoning is most common when young plants are transplanted prior to hardening off or into suboptimal field conditions. Early varieties and older transplants are most susceptible. Other stress factors such as low fertility, low moisture micronutrient deficiencies, or disease and insects can also be causes. Strong healthy plants lacking heads can occur due to periods of extremely warm weather (days over 86ºF and nights over 77ºF).

Bracts (Leaves) in Cauliflower or Broccoli Heads

High temperatures and/or low soil moisture can result in the formation of bracts, small leaves, between segments in the heads of cauliflower and broccoli. Choose heat-tolerant varieties to avoid bract formation in heads. Maintain uniform soil moisture.

Brown Bead (Broccoli)

Brown bead is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Reduced calcium uptake due to low transpiration rates under extended wet conditions followed by warm temperatures and rapid growth can result in this condition. Brown bead can also occur when individual flower buds abort under warm, dry conditions. Varieties vary in susceptibility. It is best to grow a mix of varieties with different maturation rates to reduce the risk of losing the entire crop due to adverse weather conditions.

Oedema (Cabbage)

Oedema (edema) is a physiological response of the plant to excessive soil moisture during periods of cool nights and warm, humid days. Many small scabby lesions form on the underside of the cabbage leaves. Avoid irrigation during times when day-night temperature variations are great. Oedema may be confused with thrips damage.

Ricing or Fuzziness of Heads (Cauliflower)

The development of cauliflower curds that appear fuzzy is called ricing. Ricing can be caused by exposure of the developing curds to high temperatures or direct exposure to sun, rapid growth after head formation, high humidity, and high nitrogen fertility.

Tipburn

Tipburn is a result of localized calcium deficiency in leaf tips, which can occur due to irregular soil moisture content or low plant transpiration rates even when soil calcium levels are high. Providing consistent irrigation and taking measures to prevent root-compromising disease can help reduce incidence of tipburn.

Yellow Beads in Broccoli

Yellowing of florets may be due to an over-mature head, high storage temperatures after harvest, or exposure to ethylene. 

Hollow Stem (Broccoli and Cauliflower)

This disease is typically associated with boron deficiency, but may also occur when excessive nitrogen encourages rapid growth. Tissue or soil testing can detect boron deficiency. Brown discoloration of heads may accompany this condition.

Physiological Disorders