Tomato, Outdoor

Tomato, Outdoor Evonne Gong Tue, 05/21/2024 - 13:44

Outdoor Tomato Disease Control Outdoor Tomato Insect Control Outdoor Tomato Physiological Disorders Outdoor Tomato Weed Control

Introduction

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a warm season crop in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), along with pepper, eggplant, and potato. Tobacco, petunia, nicotiana, and several important weed species are also solanaceous. Tomato is native to South America, with its use as a food crop originating in Mexico. It grows best on well-drained soils that are high in organic matter. It is frost-sensitive and should be transplanted into fields once the soil has warmed to 60ºF.

Types and Varieties

There are thousands of tomato cultivars available, and varieties may be selected based on market preferences for shape, color, and flavor, as well as for ease of harvest and storage, and for tolerance or resistance to the many diseases that affect this crop.

Indeterminate varieties produce stems that will continue to grow until killed by frost. They perform best when staked or trellised. Side shoots and suckers arising from the base of the plants should be pruned off weekly and the main stem should be secured to the stake or trellis. Indeterminate cherry, grape, and some plum/'saladette' vines are often more vigorous than indeterminate slicing tomato vines.

Determinate varieties have stems that grow long enough to produce 2-3 flower clusters and then stop. It is necessary to allow the suckers to grow to produce more flowers and fruit per plant. Determinate varieties are well-suited for ground, cage, or basket weave culture.

Several tomato varieties can be classified as “vigorous determinates”, and are important commercial production varieties. They produce a higher percentage of grade A fruits when they are staked. Under good conditions, they can produce 15-20 lbs per plant, but require more space.

Varieties that are later maturing are of higher market quality than the earlier varieties, but early varieties are important for attracting customers early in the season. Cherry tomatoes are appealing throughout the production year, as are “cocktail” and “saladette” types. Interest in the less juicy paste/Roma-type fruits is usually during late summer to early fall.

Hybrid Varieties. Most varieties used by commercial growers are hybrids, generally labeled "F1", which are crosses produced by controlled pollination between 2 different varieties to select for the desirable characteristics of each. Seed produced by F1 hybrids are not genetically stable and tend not to grow true to type if seed is saved and replanted. Plants produced from hybrid seed tend to be more productive and vigorous, and may be bred for resistance to specific diseases or environmental conditions like heat.

Heirloom/Open-Pollinated varieties are very popular in the marketplace. A diverse array of varieties are available and many growers create their own market identities by reliably producing them. Most heirloom varieties carry little or no disease resistance. The fungal pathogens Verticillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, and Septoria can be particularly problematic. Cultural practices like crop rotation and good sanitation are essential in the production of heirloom varieties.

Recently, a number of “hybrid heirlooms” have been introduced. These have the appearance and flavor of heirlooms, more resistance to diseases and are less variability in fruit size and shape.

Fruit Type	Variety	Season/Size	Growth Habit	Disease Resistances
Hybrid Slicing	Be Orange	Main/Large	Indeterminate	V, FCRRR, LM, TomMV
	BHN 589	Main/Large	Vigorous Determinate	V, F2, TMV
	Big Beef	Main/Large	Indeterminate	V, F1, F2, St, TMV, N
	Early Girl	Early/Medium	Indeterminate	V, F1, F2
	Geronimo	Main/Large	Indeterminate	V, F1, F2, TMV, LM, PM
	Manitoba	Early/Small-Medium	Compact Determinate	V, F
	Mountain Fresh Plus	Main/Large	Vigorous Determinate	V, F1, F2, N, EB, GW, BER
	Mountain Merit	Early/Large	Compact Determinate	V, F1, F2, N, TSWV, EB, LB
	New Girl	Early/Small-Medium	Indeterminate	V, F1, F2
	Primo Red	Early/Large	Compact Determinate	V, F1, F2, TMV
	Red Deuce	Main/Large	Vigorous Determinate	V, F1, F2, TMV, St
Heirloom/OP	Amish Paste	Variable Plum	Indeterminate	None
	Black Krim	Early/Medium	Indeterminate	LB
	Brandywine	Main/Large	Indeterminate	EB, FB
	Cherokee Purple	Main/Large	Indeterminate	BS, F1, F2, F3, N, TSWV
	Green Zebra	Early/Small	Vigorous Indeterminate	LB, SLS
	Principe Borghese	Small oval cherry	Vigorous Indeterminate	None
	Pruden's Purple	Main/Large	Indeterminate	None
	San Marzano II	Elongated plum	Indeterminate	F, N, TomMV
	Striped German	Main/Large	Indeterminate	Unknown
	Yellow Pear	Early pear-shaped cherry	Vigorous Indeterminate	None
Hybrid Heirloom	Caiman	Main/Large	Indeterminate	F1, N, LM, TomMV, TMV, TSWV, V
	Damsel	Main/Large	Indeterminate	LB, N, V
	Marbonne	Main/Large	Indeterminate	F1, TomMV
	Margold	Main/Large	Indeterminate	LM, TomMV, V
	Marnero	Main/Large	Indeterminate	F1, EB, FCRRR, TomMV, V
Hybrid Paste/Plum	Golden Rave	Early/Small-Medium	Vigorous Indeterminate	F, F1, TomMV, TMV
	Granadero	Main/Medium	Indeterminate	V, F1, F2, TMV, PM, N, TSWV
	Juliet	Early/Small	Vigorous Indeterminate	EB, LB, SLS
	Plum Regal	Main/Medium	Vigorous Determinate	EB, F1, F2, LB, TSWV, V
	Verona	Early/Medium	Indeterminate	V, F1, F2
Hybrid Cherry	Black Cherry	Large	Vigorous Indeterminate	None
	Favorita	Medium	Vigorous Indeterminate	F2, N, LM, TMV
	Sakura	Large	Vigorous Indeterminate	F1, F2, N, LM, TMV
	Sun Peach	Medium	Vigorous Indeterminate	LM, TMV
	Sungold	Small-Medium	Vigorous Indeterminate	F1, F2, TMV, V
	Sunsugar	Medium	Vigorous Indeterminate	F1, V
Resistance Key: EB=early blight; LB=late blight; SLS=Septoria leaf spot; F1, F2, F3=Fusarium race 1,2,3; TomMV=tomato mosaic virus; TMV=tobacco Mosaic virus; TSWV=tomato spotted wilt virus; LM=leaf mold; PM=powdery mildew; V=Verticillium; FCRRR=Fusarium crown and root rot; N=root-knot nematode

Soil Fertility

Apply lime according to soil test results to maintain soil pH at 6.5-6.8. Maintain high calcium. Base saturation for calcium should be 65-80%. Use calcitic lime or gypsum if necessary.

When growing plants on plastic mulch, the amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to be sidedressed can be reduced, and most of it can be applied when laying the plastic, since leaching is minimized. Leaf tissue testing can be an important tool to monitor the nutrient status of your plants. If testing is done at the right time (early to mid-bloom), additional nutrients, most importantly N and K, can be supplemented. While these can be sidedressed along the edge of the plastic mulch, nutrients can be applied more effectively in soluble form through drip irrigation installed under the plastic. Liquid suspensions of organic nutrients can be applied this way as well. If this method is used, apply no more than 10 lbs per week of actual nitrogen fertilizer per acre.

A 30-ton tomato yield removes about 200 pounds of N per acre while a 15-ton yield removes about 100 pounds of N per acre. On the "Plant Nutrient Recommendations" table, the N recommendation for outdoor tomatoes is calculated based on a yield goal of 22 tons per acre. Do not apply more N fertilizer than is required to achieve your realistic yield goal. Excess N can reduce yield. Use a high P liquid starter fertilizer at transplanting, especially with cool soil conditions. Less N fertilizer will be needed on some soils high in organic matter, or if manure or legume sod was plowed down (see Table 1 and Table 2). When sidedressing N, the nitrate forms (such as calcium nitrate) are preferred over the ammonium or urea forms.

Maintaining adequate calcium (Ca) in the soil is essential. Blossom end rot is a physiological disorder in which cells die early in the fruit maturation process. This disorder is more likely to occur when there are low Ca levels in the soil, but is no longer thought to be solely caused by Ca deficiency. Instead, blossom end rot and other physiological disorders such as yellow shoulders and internal white tissue can be caused by a number of stresses including high salinity, drought, high light intensity, rapid growth, irregular or under watering, and the weather. Adequate, regular irrigation is essential throughout fruiting. Other strategies to reduce physiological disorder occurrence include the use of shade cloth when temperatures are routinely over 85°F, soil and plant tissue testing to ensure adequate nutrient availability and plant nutrition, and good pruning to limit excessive vegetative growth.

Plant Nutrient Recommendations According to Soil Test Results for Outdoor Tomato

SOIL TEST RESULTS	NITROGEN (N) - LBS PER ACRE	PHOSPHORUS (P) - LBS P₂O₅ PER ACRE				POTASSIUM (K) - LBS K₂O PER ACRE
SOIL TEST RESULTS	NITROGEN (N) - LBS PER ACRE	VERY LOW	LOW	OPTIMUM	ABOVE OPTIMUM	VERY LOW	LOW	OPTIMUM	ABOVE OPTIMUM
Broadcast and Incorporate	80-100	180	120	0-60	0	250	150	50-100	0-50
Sidedress 3-4 Weeks After Planting	30	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sidedress 6-8 Weeks After Planting	30	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL RECOMMENDED	140-160	180	120	0-60	0	250	150	50-100	0-50

Planting

Tomatoes are transplanted in New England due to the short growing season. Early fruit production requires quality transplants. Adequate spacing produces short, stocky plants with good root systems, whereas crowding produces tall, spindly plants. One ounce of tomato seed will produce about 7,400 plants.

Sow tomato seed in an open flat in germination mix and maintain uniform moisture and bottom heat at 75ºF until emergence. Transplant young seedlings into 2-4" cells or pots when they have 2-3 true leaves. Choice of pot size depends on the number of weeks before anticipated field transplant date. For earliest production, some growers finish their transplants in 6" (or even larger) pots.

Grow transplants at 70-75°F day and 60-65ºF night temperatures. Night temperatures in the greenhouse that fall below 60°F may result in irregular fruit (catfacing) on the first few clusters. Five to 8 weeks from seed are required to produce field-ready transplants, depending on the temperature at which the plants are grown and the size desired. Avoid the temptation to start the plants too early; holding them for too long will reduce yield. Harden only slightly, by reducing water and nutrients, and ambient temperature, if possible but not below 60°F. Small plants that have been slightly hardened, or not hardened at all, will outperform larger, over-hardened plants.

Transplants should be given a complete nutrient solution supplemented with trace elements (the latter especially if artificial mixes are used) at weekly intervals. Alternatively, they can be fed whenever they are watered with a dilute nutrient solution. The advantage to the latter system is that the fertilizer is supplied more in relation to the plant's needs: more on bright, warm days, less on cool, cloudy days. In either case, follow directions on the fertilizer label for amounts to feed. Use a soluble fertilizer and be careful of salt buildup. It is advisable to use a fertilizer in which most of the nitrogen is in the nitrate form rather than ammonium or urea.

Field Culture

Many growers grow tomatoes on black plastic mulch, which has several benefits. It warms the soil, promotes early production, conserves water, permits use of less nitrogen fertilizer because leaching is reduced, and facilitates weed control. Plastic mulch also keeps most of the fruit off the soil. The disadvantages of plastic mulch are removing the plastic in the fall and disposing of it. Biodegradable mulches are available and have improved in quality in the last 10 years. Biodegradable mulches have the advantage of being able to be tilled into the soil at the end of the season, instead of needed to be removed and disposed of in landfills. Most organic certifiers do not allow for use of biodegrabale mulches, or require them to be removed at the end of the season like regular plastic—check with your certifier before using. Plastic should be laid tightly over the beds to conduct heat to the soil more efficiently and to avoid depressions where hot spots or puddles can form. Many growers use plastic mulch in conjunction with raised beds. This warms the soil more quickly. Prior to laying plastic mulch, soil moisture should be at or near field capacity.

Trickle irrigation is a very efficient watering method used under black plastic mulch. Consistent soil moisture reduces or eliminate problems with blossom end rot and cracking. Using a fertilizer injector in conjuction with drip irrigation allows for nutrients to be sidedressed more easily. Row covers over wire hoops are used by some growers for faster early season growth. They do not provide significant frost protection, but they do speed growth. Ventilation is usually needed on warm, sunny days. Do not allow temperatures under covers to exceed 90°F. (See Plastic Mulch and Row Covers, and High Tunnels.)

Trellising/Staking

Staking or trellising certain varieties may advance production by 7-10 days. Early tomatoes usually bring higher prices, but this has to be weighed against the labor costs of trellising. Fruit quality and plant health may be enhanced by keeping fruit off of the ground and allowing air movement into the plant canopy, reducing the incidence of anthracnose on fruit and foliar disease spread. Pruning (removing the side shoots) should be done frequently for fully indeterminate varieties. Shoots are most easily removed when they are a few inches long. To reduce disease, do not prune during wet weather or if bacterial canker is present. Indeterminate plants are well suited to trellising or staking because the main stem keeps growing. The plants can be pruned to 1 or 2 stems. For 2 stems, keep the lateral branch just below the first cluster. Two stems obviously yield more fruit per plant than a single stem, but pruning is more time-consuming and each plant requires more space. For trellising, plants are supported by weather-resistant twine tied to a number 9 or 11 wire, 5-6' above the ground. The wire is held up by posts spaced 20-30' apart in the row. Metal fence posts help to support the wire, with sturdy wooden posts at the end. Most growers use the "A" trellis, a double row 18-24" apart. The "A" trellis uses fewer posts and less wire; fruit tends to be more shaded and sun scald is less of a problem. The lower end of the twine is tied loosely around the base of the stem. As the plants grow, the string is spiraled around the main stem. Pruning is usually done at the same time. For staking, plants are tied (3-4 times) to individual stakes. Avoid damage to plants during trellising and staking operations.

Ground Culture and Basket Weave

The stems of fully determinate tomatoes stop growing after producing 1-3 flower clusters. For continued production, side shoots must be left on the plant. This results in a bushy, compact plant which is not suitable for staking or trellising.

Determinate varieties can be grown on the ground without support; vigorous determinate varieties are usually supported using a system called stake and weave or basket weave. With this system, wooden stakes 4-5' long and 1" square, or similar lengths of rebar, are driven 1' into the ground between every other plant. Weather-resistant twine is then tied to the end stake and run down one side of the row, wrapping the twine around each stake. Most growers weave the twine back and forth between plants. The process is then repeated on the other side of the row. The stringing operation is repeated 3-4 times with the first being 8-10" above the ground when the plants are 12-15" tall. Subsequent stringings are made just before the plants begin to fall over. There are many variations of this system. NOTE: birds cannot perch on rebar, resulting in a cleaner crop at harvest than if using wooden stakes.

Twine should be resistant to weather and stretching. Tomato twine for this purpose is available in 3- or 4-pound boxes. A home-made stringing tool should be used for convenience. It is simply a length of metal or plastic conduit. The twine is fed through the conduit which acts as an extension of the worker's arm.

Most growers remove all the bottom side shoots up to, but not including, the one below the first flower cluster. After this, no pruning is done.

Spacing

Plant spacing will vary according to cultivar and type of culture. Frequent roadways may be necessary to drive spray or harvest equipment between blocks of rows.

Staked: 5' between rows, with 12-18" apart in rows when pruning to a single stem or 18-24" apart when pruning to 2 stems.
Basket Weave: 5-6' between rows, 18-24" between plants.
Ground: For determinate varieties, leave 4-6' between rows, and set plants 12-24" apart within the row. For vigorous determinate and indeterminate varieties, set plants 2-3' apart in the row with 5-7' between rows. Remember that there will be significant losses due to fruit rots if indeterminate varieties are left unstaked.

High Tunnels

High tunnels allow for planting up to 4 weeks earlier than in the open field. Harvest is earlier and yields are usually greater. High tunnels keep rain off the foliage and fruit, resulting in fewer foliar diseases and rain check (a russeting of the fruit). Sides are rolled up during warm weather, but should be lowered when temperatures fall below 60ºF. See High Tunnels and Tomato (Greenhouse and High Tunnel) sections for more information.

Irrigation

If there are no restrictions, tomatoes develop a deep root system. When irrigating tomatoes grown on black plastic, sufficient water must be applied so that lateral water movement can take place under the plastic to provide adequate moisture to the root system. Watering should be deep and spread out across the bed. This can be accomplished by running at least 2 lines of drip per bed. Once fruit begin to enlarge, tomatoes require at least 1" of water per week depending on temperature, wind, and relative humidity. (See also Trickle or Drip Irrigation in the Irrigation section).

Harvest and Storage

Since most wholesale tomatoes are marketed in the New England area, it is recommended that those tomatoes be harvested at the breaker to turning stage. Tomatoes harvested in the green stage do not promote an image of high quality. Letting the fruit ripen completely on the vine improves the flavor and appeals to retail or direct market consumers. However, as tomatoes remain on the vine, they are subject to cracking and other disorders.

Jointless varieties have no joint on the fruit stem. When picking, the stem separates completely from the fruit. These varieties work well for bulk packaging because stemless fruit do not puncture other fruits in the box. With jointed varieties, the stem usually breaks at the joint, leaving a small stem attached to the fruit. This makes for an attractive retail item but requires special handling and more boxes, since fruits cannot be layered on top of each other.

Tomatoes are susceptible to chilling injury if stored at temperatures below 50ºF for more than 24 hours. Continual exposure to these temperatures will prevent normal ripening even after temperatures are elevated. Store tomatoes at 55ºF or above, depending upon how long they must be stored. The speed of color development will increase up to 75ºF. Temperatures above 80ºF will inhibit red color development. For best eating quality, ripening and color development should take place between 65 and 70ºF. Late in the season when night temperatures routinely drop below 50ºF, tomatoes should be harvested in the breaker stage and ripened at room temperature.

Tomato Outdoor Disease Control

Tomato Outdoor Disease Control otank Tue, 05/28/2024 - 12:41

Outdoor Tomato - General Outdoor Tomato Insect Control Outdoor Tomato Physiological Disorders Outdoor Tomato Weed Control

NOTES: For the disease control products listed below, a product trade name and formulation are provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 26 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.)

Anthracnose is a problem on ripening fruit, but the fungus can also invade the stem tissues resulting in premature death. Rotate crops so nonhost crops are grown at least every other year. Control weed hosts. Stake plants or use mulch to reduce fruit contact with soil. Avoid overhead irrigation. Harvest fruit regularly to avoid excessively ripe fruit. Apply fungicides according to a disease forecasting system. Disease development, based on weather conditions near your farm, can be monitored online (www.newa.cornell.edu).

azoxystrobin (Quadris F): 5.0 to 6.2 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides. See label for precautions.
azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 1.6 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M05. See label for tank mix precautions.
azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole (Quadris Top): 7.5 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.
azoxystrobin plus flutriafol (TopGuard EQ): 4.0 to 8.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 11. See label for tank mix precautions.
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.375 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05.
chlorothalonil plus phosphorous acid (Catamaran): 7.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12, Groups M05 & P07. Apply to fruit. See label for restrictions. Not labeled for New Hampshire.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.75 to 1.75 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
difenoconazole plus benzovindiflupyr (Aprovia Top): 10.5 to 13.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h. Groups 7 & 3. Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a non-Group 7 fungicide.
difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3 & 9. Do not use on varieties where the mature fruit is less 2" (e.g., cherry tomatoes).
famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Must be tank-mixed with an appropriate contact fungicide from a different FRAC Group and alternated with a fungicide from a different FRAC group after 1 application.
flutriafol (Rhyme): 5.0 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12, Group 3. See label for mixing restrictions.
fluxapyroxad plus propiconazole (Priaxor Xemium): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11. Do not mix with any other products, adjuvants, additives, nutrients, or anything other than water.
hydrogen dioxide plus peroxyacetic acid (Zerotol^OG): See label; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. Labeled as preventive and curative. See label for specific application instructions and dilution rates.
mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.2 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 1.7 lb/A processing, 1.0 to 3.0 lb/A fresh market; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01.
mandipropamid plus difenoconazole (Revus Top): 5.5 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 40 & 3. Addition of a spreading/penetrating adjuvant is recommended.
polyoxin D zinc salt (OSO 5%SC^OG, AKA Veggie Turbo 5 SC^OG): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 8.0 to 12.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Apply only 6 applications per season or 96 oz/A. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.
tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME): 6.0 to 8.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. Begin application before disease onset. Make no more than 2 consecutive applications. See label for restrictions.
ziram (Ziram 76 DF): 3.0 to 4.0 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Group M03. Do not use on cherry tomatoes. See label for restrictions.

Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea)

Grey mold is a common disease of tomato and is particularly damaging in greenhouses where the relative humidity is high but can also be seen in the field in humid or wet years. The pathogen infects leaves, stems, petioles, and fruit. Ghost spots develop when the pathogen invades the fruit then ceases growth prior to causing decay; the resulting white to yellow rings can make fruit unmarketable. Injured transplants can develop gray mold infections of the stem which girdle the plant and cause plant death. Reduce plant wetness by avoiding overhead irrigation. Fungicides are useful in protecting fruit; a diversity of fungicides with different modes of action must be used as Botrytis commonly develops fungicide resistance. Many products labeled for leaf spots will also provide some control for gray mold. See: Leaf Spots.

fluopyram plus difenoconazole (Luna Flex): 8.0 to 13.6 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7.
penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 16.0 to 24.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7.
polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC^OG aka VeggieTurbo 5 SC^OG): 6.5 to 13.0 fl ox/A; Phi 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
pyrimethanil (Scala SC): 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 9.
Ulocladium oudemansii U3 strain (BotryStop WP^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. Begin application when conditions are conducive to disease development.

Leaf Spots: Early Blight (Alternaria solani) and Septoria Leaf Spot (Septoria lycopersici)

Early blight and Septoria leaf spot are very destructive on tomato. Both diseases may occur together, and both may be seedborne. Hot water treat seeds at 122ºF for 25 minutes to destroy potential seed-borne pathogens. Plow under plant debris after harvest. Rotate away from tomatoes for at least 2 years. Provide optimum nutrition throughout the season. Stake tomatoes to improve air circulation and use mulch to prevent rainsplash. If planting in an area with a history of either disease, begin fungicide applications before disease is evident, usually when first fruit are half grown or approximately the first week of July. Follow fungicide intervals recommended by a disease forecasting system (TOMCAST) if weather and forecast data are available in your region. Disease development, based on weather conditions near your farm, can be monitored online (www.newa.cornell.edu).

azoxystrobin (Quadris F): 5.0 to 6.2 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not apply more than 1 application before alternating with a non-Group 11 fungicide. See label for other precautions.
azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 1.6 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M05. See label for tank mix precautions.
azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole (Quadris Top): 7.5 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.
azoxystrobin plus flutriafol (TopGuard EQ): 4.0 to 8.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3 & 11.
Bacillus mycoides Isolate J (LifeGard LC^OG): 1 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4, Group P06.
Bacillus pumilis Strain QST 2808 (Sonata^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4, Group BM02.
Bacillus subtilis Strain QST 713 (Serenade Opti^OG): 14.0 to 20.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4, Group BM02. Not for Septoria leaf spot.
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik, AKA Bravo 720 SC): 1 3/8 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05.
chlorothalonil plus phosphorous acid (Catamaran): 4.5 to 5.5 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups M05 & P7.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.75 to 1.75 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12.
difenoconazole plus benzovindiflupyr (Aprovia Top): 10.5 to 13.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12. Groups 7 & 3. Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a non-Group 7 fungicide.
difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3 & 9. Do not use on varieties where the mature fruit is less than 2" (e.g., cherry tomatoes).
famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 6.0 to 8.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Must be tank-mixed with an appropriate contact fungicide from a different FRAC Group and alternated with a fungicide from a different FRAC Group after 1 application. Do not alternate with Quadris, Cabrio, or Flint.
fenamidone (Reason 500 SC): 5.5 to 8.2 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not make more than 1 application before rotating to a non-Group 11 fungicide.
fluopyram (Velum Prime): 5.0 to 6.8 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. Do not make more than 2 applications per year.
fluopyram plus pyrimethanil (Luna Tranquility): 11.2 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 7 & 9.
flutriafol (Rhyme, AKA Flutriafol 250 G/L SC): 3.5 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12, Group 3.
fluxapyroxad plus propiconazole (Priaxor Xemium): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11.
hydrogen dioxide plus peroxyacetic acid (ZeroTol 2.0^OG aka Oxidate 2.0^OG): See label; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. Use as a preventive or curative. See label for application instructions and specific dilution rates.
mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.2 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 1.7 lb/A processing, 1.0 to 3.0 lb A fresh market; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01.
mancozeb plus zoxamide (Gavel 75DF): 1.5 to 2.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & 22. Add Latron surfactants to improve performance.
mandipropamid plus difenoconazole (Revus Top): 5.5 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 40 & 3. Addition of a spreading/penetrating adjuvant is recommended.
penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 16.0 to 24.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7.
polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC^OG aka VeggieTurbo 5 SC^OG): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
propamocarb HCl (Previcur Flex): 0.7 to 1.5 pt/A; PHI 5d, REI 12h, Group 28. See label for tank mixture and restrictions.
pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 8.0 to 12.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.
pyrimethanil (Scala SC): 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 9. Use only in a tank mix with another fungicide labeled for control of early blight. Using with a protectant fungicide (FRAC Group M3 or M5) will expand the spectrum of activity adding control of late blight and Septoria leaf spot.
tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME): 6.0 to 8.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. Begin application at onset of disease. Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications before rotating to a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
trifloxystrobin (Flint): 2.0 to 3.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.
ziram (Ziram 76 DF): 3.0 to 4.0 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Group M03.

Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Protectant fungicides are a key tool for management; however, many strains of P. infestans have become resistant to mefenoxam. When resistant strains are present, and/or when conditions are favorable for disease and late blight has been reported in the region, newer targeted fungicides are recommended. Disease development, based on weather conditions near your farm, can be monitored online (www.newa.cornell.edu). Disease progression throughout the US can also be monitored (www.usablight.org). Avoid the use of overhead irrigation. Promptly plow under old tomato fields after harvest. Eliminate cull piles and volunteer plants of both tomato and potato. Some resistant cultivars are available.

ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 4d, REI 12h, Groups 45 & 40.
azoxystrobin (Quadris F): 6.2 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides. See label for precautions.
azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 1.6 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M05. See label for tank mix precautions.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel 55^OG): 0.25 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM02. Suppression only. For improved control, mix or rotate with a chemical fungicide.
Bacillus mycoides Isolate J (LifeGuard LC^OG): 1.0 gal/100 gal of water/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P06.
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik aka Bravo 720 SC): 1.375 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05.
chlorothalonil plus phosphorous acid (Catamaran): 4.5 to 5.5 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups M05 & P07.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.75 to 1.75 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
cyazofamid (Ranman 400 SC): 2.1 to 2.75 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Begin applications when forecast systems (NEWA) predict disease infection periods. Use the lowest rates and longest intervals when disease pressure is low. Use the highest rates and shortest spray intervals when late blight is present in the area. Do not make more than 3 consecutive sprays, then follow with 3 or more applications of fungicides from a different FRAC Group. If other diseases are present, tank mix with a Group M3 or M5 fungicide.
cymoxanil (Curzate 60 DF): 3.2 to 5.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 27. Use only in combination with a labeled rate of a protectant fungicide (e.g., copper, chlorothalonil).
cymoxanil plus chlorothalonil (Ariston): 1.9 to 3.0 pt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 27 & M05. Foliage or fruit applications.
dimethomorph (Forum): 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 4d, REI 12h, Group 40. Must be applied as a tank-mix with another fungicide from a different FRAC Group. Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications before alternating to a non-Group 15 fungicide.
famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Must be tank-mixed with an appropriate contact fungicide from a different FRAC Group and alternated with a fungicide from a different FRAC Group after 1 application.
fenamidone (Reason 500 SC): 5.5 to 8.2 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not make more than 1 application before rotating to a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
fluopicolide (Presidio 4SC): 3.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 43. Must be tank mixed with a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.2 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 1.7 lb/A processing, 1.0 to 3.0 lb A fresh market; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01.
mandipropamid plus difenoconazole (Revus Top): 5.5 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 40. The addition of a spreading/penetrating type adjuvant is recommended.
mefenoxam plus chlorothalonil (Ridomil Gold Bravo SC): 2.5 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Groups 4 & M05.
mefenoxam plus manzate (Ridomil Gold MZ): 2.5 lb./A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups 4 & M03. Do not plant any crop which is not registered for use with Ridomil Gold active ingredient in treated soil for a period of 12 months.
oxathiapiprolin plus chlorothalonil (Orondis Opti): 1.75 to 2.5 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups M05 & 49.
oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Opti A/Orondis Ultra A): 2.0 to 4.8 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 49.
potassium phosphite (ProPhyt): 4.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P07. Apply at first report of late blight in your area and use shortest interval. Thorough coverage is essential. Apply in tank mix with contact products like chlorothalonil (Group M05) or mancozeb (Group M03). Read label; rates vary between products.
polyoxin D zinc salt (OSO 5%SC^OG aka VeggieTurbo 5 SC^OG): 6.0 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19. Suppression only.
propamocarb HCl (Previcur Flex): 0.7 to 1.5 pt/A; PHI 5d, REI 12h, Group 28.
pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 8.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.
trifloxystrobin (Flint): 4.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 11. Apply in a tank mixture with 75% of a labeled rate of a protectant fungicide. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.
zoxamide plus chlorothalonil (Zing!): 30.0 to 36.0 fl oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 12h, Groups 22 & M05.
zoxamide plus mancozeb (Gavel 75 DF): 1.5 to 2.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups 22 & M03.

Phytophthora Blight and Watery Fruit Rot (P. capsici, Pythium spp.)

Phytophthora capisi fruit infections are called buck-eye rot and Pythium fruit infections, which usually infect ripe fruit, are called watery fruit rot. To avoid fruit rots, keep plant tops dry by avoiding overhead irrigation and using drip irrigation instead. Prepare the soil and beds so as to enhance drainage and avoid planting in low areas. Stake plants and/or use mulches to minimize fruit contact with the soil. Fungicides may be used to control crown, foliar, and fruit infections. See Late Blight and Pepper Phytophthora Blight sections.

Powdery Mildew (Oidium neolycopersici)

Powdery mildew is a relatively new disease of tomato in the Eastern United States. It is more common in the greenhouse than in the field, but in either case it can cause early plant senescence and reduced yields. Powdery mildews are obligate parasites and survive on overwintering tomato, alternate weed hosts, or perhaps as sexual fruiting bodies. Promptly plow under tomato crop debris after harvest. Control volunteer tomatoes and solanaceous weeds.

azoxystrobin (Quadris F): 5.0 to 6.2 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides. See label for precautions.
azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 1.6 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M05. See label for tank mix precautions.
azoxystrobin plus flutriafol (TopGuard EQ): 4.0 to 8.0oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3. See label for tank mix precautions.
Bacillus pumilis Strain QST 2808 (Sonata ASO^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4, Group BM02.
cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12.
difenoconazole plus benzovindiflupyr (Aprovia Top): 10.5 to 13.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12. Groups 7 & 3. Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a non-Group 7 fungicide.
difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3 & 9. Do not use on varieties where the mature fruit is less than 2" (e.g., cherry tomatoes).
fluopyram plus pyrimethanil (Luna Tranquility): 11.2 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 7 & 9. Suppression only. See label for application timing.
flutriafol (Rhyme aka Flutriafol 250 G/L SC): 5.0 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12, Group 3.
fluxapyroxad plus propiconazole (Priaxor Xemium): 6.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11.
hydrogen dioxide plus peroxyacetic acid (ZeroTol 2.0^OG aka Oxidate 2.0^OG): See label; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. Use as a preventive or curative. See label for application instructions and specific dilution rates.
mandipropamid plus difenoconazole (Revus Top): 5.5 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 40. The addition of a spreading/penetrating type adjuvant is recommended.
metrafenone (Vivando): 10.3 to 15.4 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12 hr, Group 50.
myclobutanil (Rally 40WSP): 2.5 to 4.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group 3. Observe a 30-day plant-back interval between last spray and the planting of new crops.
paraffinic oil (JMS Stylet-Oil): 3.0 to 6.0 qt/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. Spray for thorough coverage of upper leaf surface. An organic formulation is available. Not labeled for New Hampshire.
polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC^OG, AKA VeggieTurbo 5 SC^OG): 6.0 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
potassium bicarbonate (MilStop^OG aka PB 133^OG): 2.0 to 5.0 lb/100 gal water/A; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. Use solution within 12 hours of preparation. Thorough crop coverage is required.
sulfur (Microthiol Disperss^OG): 5.0 to 20.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group M02. Do not apply when temperatures will exceed 90°F within 3 days of application.
tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME): 6.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. See label for restrictions.

White Mold, Timber Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)

Sclerotinia survives for years in the soil, and has many vegetable hosts, but is particularly destructive to tomatoes. Rotate with corn or other grass species. Do not plant seed that is contaminated with sclerotia (survival structures). Encourage rapid soil drying by irrigating in the morning and/or using drip irrigation. Avoid excessive nitrogen levels and ensure adequate potassium fertility. Soil sterilization with chemical, steam, or heat treatments (solarization) can significantly reduce sclerotia (inoculum) in the soil. Research has shown promise from incorporating broccoli biomass or brassica cover crops and the biocontrol agent, Contans. NOTE: the current Bayer label for Coniothyrium minitans (Contans) does not include tomato. The label does include most other vegetable crops, which are also hosts for the disease, and so the product can be applied prior to planting a labeled crop to act on sclerotia in the field and manage the disease in a subsequent tomato crop.

fluxapyroxad plus propiconazole (Priaxor Xemium): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11. Suppression only.
fluopyram plus trifloxystrobin (Luna Sensation): 7.6 fl oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 7 & 11. Suppression only. See label for timing.
Trichoderma asperellum (ICC 012) and T. gamsii (Bio-Tam 2.0^OG aka Bioten WP^OG): See label for rates and application methods; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02.
pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Suppression only.

Bacterial Canker (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis), Bacterial Speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato), and Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas spp.)

Bacterial canker is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomatoes in our region. All three bacterial diseases may be seedborne or may overwinter in crop debris in the field and on wooden stakes. Buy hot water treated seed or seed certified to be free of bacteria. Hot water seed treatment can be done at home; treat seed for 25 minutes at 122°F. Some lots of seed can be vulnerable to heat treatment. Always treat a small number of seed (50-100) of each lot before treating the remainder of the lot. See Hot Water Treatment of Seed in the Disease Management section. Avoid working in fields when plants are wet. Rotate out of tomatoes for at least 2 years. Use copper or streptomycin on plants before transplanting. Disinfect stakes before reusing.

acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard 50 WG): 0.33 to 0.75 oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group P01. Apply to healthy, actively growing plants preventively. Plant defense activator.
Bacillus mycoides Isolate J (LifeGard LC^OG): 1.0 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4, Group P06. Bacterial leaf spot and speck only.
Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 (Serenade ASO^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. See label for specific instructions.
Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 (Taegro 2.0^OG): 2.6 to 5.2 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Bacterial leaf spot and speck only.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.75 to 1.75 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette. An organic formula (Kocide 3000-O) is available.
copper sulfate (Cuprofix Ultra 40 Disperss): 0.75 to 3 lbs/A fresh market, 0.75 to 1.33 lbs/A processing; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Rates and REIs vary by product; see labels.
famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Must be tank-mixed with an appropriate contact fungicide from a different FRAC Group and alternated with a fungicide from a different FRAC Group after 1 application.
mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.2 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03. Use a full rate of fixed copper in a tank mix with half to full rate of Dithane F45.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 1.0 to 3.0 lb A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01. See label for specific rates.
potassium salts of phosphorous acid plus hydrogen oxide (Oxiphos): 2.5 to 5.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P07. Apply as dilute foliar spray or via irrigation applied immediately after planting. Do not exceed more than 2.5% v/v solution. See label for instructions and restrictions.
streptomycin sulfate (Agri-Mycin 17): 0.5 to 1.0 lb/50 to 100 gal; REI 12h, Group 25. For use on transplants only, prior to transplanting. NOT for field use.
zoxamide plus mancozeb (Gavel 75 DF): 2.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups 22 & M03. Use full rate of a fixed copper tank mixed with a full rate of Gavel.

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)

Many different strains of CMV occur, and the host range includes plants in more than 31 different families. In tomato, the symptoms include mosaic, mottling, leaf distortion, and stunting. Symptoms of CMV can be confused with those of tobacco mosaic virus as well as other virus diseases. The disease is spread by several species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner, meaning the virus is only transmitted by the vector for a short period of time. Reduce weeds, especially chickweed, pokeweed, and milkweed, as much as practical. Insecticides will not control this virus. Isolate tomato fields from cucurbits especially where there has been a history of CMV. There are not currently any resistant varieties.

Tobacco and Tomato Mosaic Virus (TMV, ToMV)

Several strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) exist including the closely related tomato mosaic virus (TomMV) strain. Symptoms on tomato can vary considerably as will the severity of disease and the effect on yield. Either strain can be seedborne or transferred from previously infected plant debris, weeds, transplants, other crops, or workers using tobacco products. Unlike other viruses, TMV and TomMV are easily spread from plant to plant by contact with hands and tools. Insects are not considered to be important vectors. Grow resistant varieties, which are widely available. Control weeds as much as practical. Hands and clothes soiled with tobacco or from weeding can transmit the virus. When working with plants, avoid wearing soiled clothes. Wash hands after weeding or smoking. Do not plant susceptible pepper or tomato varieties for at least 2 years on land that previously had TMV-infected crops. Handle plants as little as possible. Do not allow workers to use tobacco products while working with plants.

Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Viruses (ToBRFV)

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a recently identified virus infecting tomatoes, pepper, and possibly their solanaceous relatives. Currently, there are no commercial tomato varieties that are tolerant to ToBRFV. Peppers with tolerance to TMV and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) have shown some tolerance. Leaf symptoms of ToBRFV include wrinkling with an accompanying mosaic pattern. Infected fruit has a brown calyx and is undersized with a rough surface. Fruit abortion may occur, and fruit may be blotchy and pale with brown, dead spots. ToBRFV spread and control is similar to TMV and ToMV. Good sanitation is the key to avoidance. ToBRFV can survive in plant debris and on stakes for long periods. There are no reports of transmission by aphids, leafhoppers, or white flies. There are no sprays effective in reducing the virus’ spread. Purchase certified seed from reputable sources, have greenhouse workers wash and sterilize hands and tools often. Dispose of symptomatic plants and plants within 5' of infected plants. Dispose of plants, trays, and media through incineration. There is rigorous testing of transplants, seeds, and fruit to prevent the risk of the virus’ spread into the US. Confirmation of the virus requires laboratory identification testing.

Gray Leaf Spot (Stemphylium lycopersici, S. solani, and S. botryosum)

Gray leaf spot of tomato is caused by Stemphylium lycopersici, S. solani, and S. botryosum. Peppers and eggplant are also susceptible. Symptoms begin as small brown lesions that may or may not have a yellow halo. Severely affected leaves may turn yellow or brown and defoliate. Symptoms are seldom seen on petioles or stems, and fruit is not affected. Stemphylium species survive in infected crop debris and solanaceous weeds. They may also be seedborne. The optimum temperature for spore germination and disease development is 75-80°F. Management options include proper plant spacing and removal of lower leaves to increase air circulation. Avoid overhead watering if possible. Control weeds and remove volunteer solanaceous plants from fields. Remove or plow under infected crop debris and rotate away from Solanaceous crops for at least 3 years. Plant tomato cultivars that have the Sm resistance gene.

azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole (Quadris Top): 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3. See label for restrictions.
basic copper sulfate (Basic Copper 53OG):0.75 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. May cause crop injury. See label for application restrictions.
chlorothalonil (Echo 720):1.38 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05. Apply in sufficient water to obtain adequate coverage. Begin applications when dew or rain occur and disease threatens.
chlorothalonil plus mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold Bravo SC): 2.5pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Groups M05 & 4. Begin preventive applications early when conditions are favorable for disease. See label for additional restrictions.
chlorothalonil plus oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Opti (Premix): 1.75 to 2.5 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups M05 & 49. See label for warnings and restrictions.
chlorothalonil plus zoxamide (Zing!): 36 fl oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 12h, Groups M05 & 22. See label for warnings and restrictions.
copper hydroxide (Nu-Cop 50WPOG): 1.0 lb/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Group M01. See label for warnings and restrictions.
difenoconazole plus benzovindiflupyr (Aprovia Top): 10.5 to 13.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7. See label for warnings and restrictions.
difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 9. Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications before alternating to a non- Group 7 fungicide. Use of a spreading adjuvant is recommended.
difenoconazole plus fluopyram (Luna Flex): 10.0 to 13.6 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7. See label for warnings and restrictions.
fludioxonil plus pydiflumetofen (Miravis Prime): 9.2 to 11.4 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 12. Apply by ground, air, or chemigation. Do not use in greenhouse.
fluopyram plus pyrimethanil (Luna Tranquility): 11.2 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 19. See label for application restrictions.
mancozeb (Dithane F-45 Rainshield): 1.2 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03. Start applications when seedlings emerge or transplants are set. See label for additional restrictions.
mancozeb plus copper (ManKocide):1.75 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 24 or 48h, Groups M03 & M01. See label for application warnings and restrictions.
mancozeb plus zoxamide (Gavel 75DF):1.5 to 2.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & 22. See label for restrictions.
mandipropamid plus difenoconazole (Revus Top): 5.5 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 40. Begin applications prior to disease development. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide from a different FRAC Group. See label for additional restrictions.
tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME): 6.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. See label for restrictions.
trifloxystrobin (Flint): 4.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Begin applications preventively. See label for application restrictions.

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)

Do not raise tomato, pepper, eggplant, or cauliflower transplants in the same greenhouse as ornamentals. Monitor thrips and control as necessary. Symptoms include numerous small brownish ringspots, purpling and upward rolling of leaves, and stunting of leaves and plants. Fruit symptoms can include yellow ringspots but brown, necrotic sunken areas may form. Resistant varieties are not available at this time. The host range for TSWV is one of the largest of any virus. Hundreds of plant species are susceptible including many commercial floriculture crops.

Fusarium and Verticillium Wilts (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Verticillium spp.)

Plant resistant varieties. Pre-plant treatment of soil with effective fumigants will give short-term control but will not completely eliminate the pathogens from fields. Rotate tomatoes with non-host crops such as corn or small grains to lower inoculum levels. Avoid bringing contaminated soil on equipment to new land.

fluopyram (Velum Prime): 5.0 to 6.84 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. Fusarium only.
flutriafol (Rhyme, aka Flutriafol): 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. Suppression only. Do not make more than 4 applications per year.
Trichoderma asperellum (ICC 012) plus T. gamsii (ICC 080) (Bio-Tam 2.0^OG aka Bioten WP^OG): See label for in-furrow, drench, and broadcast rates; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02.

Disease Control

Tomato Outdoor Insect Control

Tomato Outdoor Insect Control otank Tue, 05/28/2024 - 12:44

Outdoor Tomato - General Outdoor Tomato Disease Control Outdoor Tomato Physiological Disorders Outdoor Tomato Weed Control

Insects are seldom serious pests on tomato; be sure there is a problem before sprays are applied. Ensure that transplants are free of aphids, whiteflies, and thrips before planting into the field.

NOTES: For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 27 and Insecticides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Regulations for more details.

The symbol ^OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Aphids, Potato (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) and Green Peach (Myzus persicae)

See potato aphid in the insect control section of Potato section and green peach aphid in the insect control section of Pepper for more information on each of these aphid species. Scout for aphids under surfaces of leaves in both upper and lower foliage. Potato aphids (PA) feed first in young growing tips, spreading downward as they multiply. Leaves become distorted, with the leaf edges curling downward. They also feed in blossoms and PA colonies cause blossom drop and fruit deformities. By contrast, green peach aphids (GPA) feed first in lower leaves. Scout weekly across the field, sampling 3 leaves per plant at lower, mid and upper levels. Count aphid adults and nymphs and note if numbers are increasing. Treat when aphids exceed 6 per leaf. Beneficials generally keep aphids under control in tomato, unless broad spectrum insecticides are used for other pests. Do not use emulsifiable concentrates on tomatoes setting young fruit, or injury may occur.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2 to 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A.
afidopyropen (Sefina): 3 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9D.
alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 5.2 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.
cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.
cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A at planting, 6.75 to 10 oz/A chemigation; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting, drip chemigation, or soil injection. Suppression only.
dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 0.5 to 1 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B.
dinotefuran (Safari): 1 to 4 oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. For transplants while in greenhouse. Not for use on greenhouse or field crops.
dinotefuran (Venom): 7 to 14 dry oz/A foliar, 18 to 21 dry oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, as a transplant or post-seeding drench, as a sidedress, or through drip. Do not apply to varieties with fruit that is less than 2" such as cherry or grape tomatoes. Do not apply to vegetables grown for seed.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 7 to 10.66 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. May be combined with Belay (see label for rates and increased PHI). Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging.
flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2.8 to 4.28 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9C. Begin applications before populations begin to build, and before damage is evident. Use higher rate for building populations or dense foliage.
flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 10.5 to 14 oz/A green peach aphid foliar, 7 to 14 oz/A potato aphid foliar, 21 to 28 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 45d soil, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group 4D.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee:H, Group 3A. Suppression only.
imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 7 to 10.5 oz/A soil, 1.3 to 2.2 oz/A foliar, 0.44 oz/10,000 plants on seedling transplants in greenhouse; PHI 21d soil, PHI 0d foliar, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Planthouse applications only provide short-term protection. An additional field application must be made within 2 weeks following transplanting to provide continuous protection.
insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. For enhanced and residual control apply with a companion labeled insecticide.
malathion (Malathion 57EC): 1 to 2.5 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B.
methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.
oxamyl (Vydate* L): 2 to 4 pt/A; PHI 3d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Apply by ground or air when insects first appear.
petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.
pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Green peach and potato aphids only. Translaminar. Apply when aphids first appear, before populations build up.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 100 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur, or oils.
spirotetramat (Movento): 4 to 5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: M, Group 23. Must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant with spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and sytemicity. Don't use sticker adjuvants. Controls immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility.
thiamethoxam (Actara): 2 to 3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seedling root zone during or after transplanting or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment. Do not apply as a foliar spray.
tofenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A.

Tomato and Tobacco Hornworms (Manduca quinquemaculata and M. sexta) and other caterpillars

Tomato and tobacco hornworms (THW) are large green caterpillars with white stripes along the sides that may grow up to 4" long. Despite their size and striking appearance, they can be very difficult to find on the plant. It is easier to look for the large fecal droppings on the plastic mulch under the plants. The caterpillars climb to feed near the tops of the plants just before dusk, and spritzing with water will make them flinch so that they are easy to find and remove. The insect spends the winter as a pupa 2-4" under the soil. Caterpillar infestations usually begin in July and may extend through September. When numerous, they can nearly defoliate tomato plants and may even surface feed on the immature green fruit. Fall or early spring plowing will reduce the survival of the pupae. Hornworms only occasionally require treatment and are usually controlled by their natural enemies (braconid wasp, bugs, and pathogens). Caterpillars covered with numerous white wasp pupae should be moved to a plant that will not be sprayed to help preserve and build up parasite populations. Spot–treat areas of the field with severe defoliation. It is recommended to use insect growth regulators, microbial products (Bt) or other selective insecticides (e.g., chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, or methoxyfenozide) to preserve natural enemies and avoid secondary pest outbreaks (i.e. aphids).

Tomato fruitworm (TFW) is another name for the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), which may attack tomatoes and other solanaceous crops late in the season, especially if moth numbers are high and fresh corn silk is relatively scarce. Use selective insecticides to avoid disrupting natural enemies that control secondary pests, such as mites and aphids. For more information, see corn earworm in the Sweet Corn section. Cabbage looper (CL) is an occasional pest of tomato; see Cabbage section for more information. Make sure that tomato is listed on the label.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A TFW and THW, 3.2 to 3.8 oz/A CL; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested. Apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested. Apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).
beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid*XL): 1.6 to 2.8 oz/A TFW and THW, 2.1 to 2.8 oz/A CL; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 5.2 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. CL and TFW only.
Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 1 to 4 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.
chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A, 2 to 5 oz/A for hornworms foliar; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May be applied through drip irrigation or as a foliar spray. For soil applications, must be applied uniformly in the root zone; for foliar applications may be combined with a labeled adjuvant for improved leaf adhesion or control in dense foliage.
Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.
cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 10 to 17 oz/A CL, 7 to 13.5 oz/A TFW and THW; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.
cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting, drip chemigation, or soil injection. Use high rate for ECB (chemigation or soil injection applications only). Chemigation and soil injection only for THW control.
deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1 to 2.4 oz/A CL and THW, 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A TFW; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 2.4 to 4.8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Apply when larvae are first observed.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 2.9 to 5.8 oz/A THW, 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A for other caterpilars; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. THW and TFW only. May be combined at with Dipel DF for control of other caterpillars. See label for rates.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.77 to 1.28 oz/A CL and THW, 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A TFW; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
indoxacarb (Avaunt): 2.5 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 26. Use high rate for TFW and other caterpillars.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.96 to 1.6 oz/A CL and THW, 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A TFW; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
malathion (Malathion 57EC): 1 to 2.5 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Armyworm and TFW only.
methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.
methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 16 oz/A CL and THW, 10 to 16 oz/A TFW; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. For control of CL and THW and suppression of TFW. Use lower rates when plants are small or infestations are light.
novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): 9 to 12 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 16B. Most effective on 1st and 2nd instars.
permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Do not apply to varieties which produce fruit less than 1" in diameter, such as cherry and grape tomatoes.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
spinetoram (Radiant SC): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5.
spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 1 to 2 oz/A for control, 1.5 to 3 oz/A maintenance only; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Do not apply to seedlings for transplant.
tebufenozide (Confirm 2F): 6 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Must be ingested. Use lower rate for early season applications to young, small plants. Begin applications when first signs of feeding damage appear. Use higher rate for later season applications and heavier infestations. Use of a spreader-binder adjuvant is recommended.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.24 to 4 oz/A THW and TFW, 3.3 to 4 oz/A CL and FAW; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

For more information, see Colorado potato beetle in Potato and Eggplant sections. If possible, do not transplant tomatoes to fields previously in potato or eggplant. Trap cropping may be used by rotating tomatoes to opposite side of field from prior potato, eggplant or tomato planting, and seeding 2 rows of early potatoes between old and new plantings. Treat potatoes with effective insecticide to kill migrating beetles before they infest tomatoes. If foliar insecticides are needed on tomatoes, use only selective insecticides to preserve natural enemies and avoid secondary pest problems such as aphids. Although Colorado potato beetle may attack young transplants in the field, most varieties develop resistance within a few weeks of field setting.

abamectin (Agri-Mek* SC): 1.75 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Must be mixed with a non-ionic wetting, spreading and/or penetrating spray adjuvant. Do not use binder or sticker type adjuvant.
acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 1.5 to 2.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A.
alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake. Insect growth regulator for small larvae.
Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESO^OG): 0.5 qt to 1 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. Treat when populations are low and thoroughly cover foliage. Takes 7-10 days after the first spray to see control.
beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May be applied through drip irrigation or as a foliar spray. For soil applications, must be applied uniformly in the root zone; for foliar applications may be combined with a labeled adjuvant for improved leaf adhesion or control in dense foliage.
cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 7 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.
cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For drip chemigation or soil injection applications.
cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28.
cyromazine (Trigard): 2.66 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 17. Insect growth regulator for small larvae just after egg hatch. Apply as a foliar spray.
deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A foliar, 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, as a transplant or post-seeding drench, as a sidedress, or through drip. Do not apply to varieties with fruit that is less than 2", such as cherry or grape tomatoes.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 7 to 10.66 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3. May be combined with Belay (see label for rates and increased PHI). Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging.
flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 10.5 to 14 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D. Foliar applications only.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
imidacloprid (Admire Pro):7 to 10.5 oz/A soil, 1.3 to 2.2 oz/A foliar; PHI 21d soil, PHI 0d foliar, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): 9 to 12 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 16B. Do not apply to successive generations. Most effective on 1st and 2nd instars.
oxamyl (Vydate* L): 2 to 4 pt/A; PHI 3d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Apply by ground or air when insects first appear.
permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Do not apply to varieties which produce fruit less than 1" in diameter, such as cherry and grape tomatoes.
petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Beetle larvae only.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
spinetoram (Radiant SC): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5.
spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 3 to 6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Do not apply to seedlings for transplant.
thiamethoxam (Actara): 2 to 3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticides used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seedling root zone during or after transplanting operations. Do not apply as a foliar spray.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.24 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Cutworm, Black (Agrotis ipsilon) and Variegated (Peridroma saucia)

The most common species on tomatoes is the black cutworm, but occasionally the variegated cutworm can also be a problem. Black cutworms tend to do minor leaf feeding or cut seedling stems shortly after transplanting (see cutworms in the Pepper section for more information on black cutworm). Variegated cutworms occur later in the season and will feed on leaves, but will also chew shallow or deep holes in the fruit. Adults are night-flying reddish-brown moths, while the caterpillars are brownish-grey, with diamond-shaped marks along the back and light lines along the sides. They are up to 2" long. Moths from the South arrive in mid- to late summer. Some may also survive warm winters as pupae in the soil and feed on seedlings in the spring. The larvae hide under the soil surface, within the plant canopy, or in fruit holes during the day and feed after dark. There are 2 generations per year. Moths can be monitored with a black light trap or with a yellow and white Unitrap from July through September. Scout fields weekly, checking at least 100 plants for fruit feeding. Spray tomatoes if 1% of the plants are infested with variegated cutworms. For best results, make application after dark. Thorough coverage of the upper and lower foliage is needed for good control. Parasitic flies, wasps, and other general predators help reduce populations. Weedy plantings tend to suffer greater damage.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 5.2 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 1 to 4 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN. Variegated cutworm only.
carbaryl (10% Sevin Granules): 20 lb/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Apply evenly over soil surface.
Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN. Variegated cutworm only.
deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.77 to 1.28 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.96 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Variegated cutworm only.
spinosad (Seduce^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A or 0.5 to1 lb/1000 sq ft.; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Spread bait on soil around plants.
tebufenozide (Confirm 2F): 6 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Must be ingested. Use lower rate for early season applications to young, small plants. Begin applications when first signs of feeding damage appear. Use higher rate for later season applications and heavier infestations. Use of a spreader-binder adjuvant is recommended. Black cutworm only.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.24 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Flea Beetle, Potato (Epitrix cucumeris)

See the insect control section of Eggplant for information on flea beetles that attack potato and other solanaceous crops. Adults spend the winter under plant residue along tree lines or in the field. In the early spring, they feed on solanaceous weeds until they move to tomato or other solanaceous crops. Numerous tiny feeding shot holes can injure leaves and stunt young plants. Management practices include clean cultivation, crop rotation, removing or avoiding spring weed hosts, row covers, and spot treatments targeting young tomato plants along the field edges. Perimeter Trap Cropping: young tomato plants can be protected from flea beetles by planting Italian or Oriental eggplant around the tomato field. Full-size plants rarely require treatment for flea beetles. Most insecticides registered to control Colorado potato beetle, including spinosad, will control flea beetles.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 5.2 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 0.5 to 1 qt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Do not apply to plants in bloom.
cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting.
cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28.
deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A foliar, 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, as a transplant or post-seeding drench, as a sidedress or through drip. Do not apply to varieties with fruit that is less than 2", such as cherry or grape tomatoes.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 7 to 10.66 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. May be combined with Belay (see label for rates and increased PHI). Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 7 to 10.5 oz/A soil; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil applications only.
kaolin (Surround WP^OG): 12.5 to 50 lb/A or 0.125 to 0.5 lb/gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Suppression and repellence only. May be applied to transplants prior to setting in field. Use on seedlings and young plants. Product residue may need to be washed off if applied after fruit set. White residue may be minimized if applications stop when fruit is 25% of its expected harvest size. Generally compatible as a tank mix with other insecticides.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Beetle larvae only.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 4 to 8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Do not apply to seedlings for transplant. Suppression only.
thiamethoxam (Actara): 2 to 3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seedling root zone during or after transplanting or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment. Do not apply as a foliar spray.
tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.24 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Slugs

Damage appears as shredded foliage or fruit holes. Look for silvery slime trails on leaves or turn over soil clods or debris to find slugs during daylight hours. Grow plants away from moist, shaded habitats, use clean cultivation, control weeds, hand pick/crush slugs or scatter baits on the ground near infested plants. See the Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower and Other Brassica Crops Section for more information on slugs.

iron phosphate (Sluggo: Snail and Slug Bait^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Apply around perimeter, scatter around base of plants, or band down rows. Apply to moist soil in the evening.
metaldehyde (Deadline Bullets): 25 lb/A; REI 12h, Bee: L. Soil surface treatment broadcast pre-planting, or band treatment between rows after formation of edible parts. Apply to moist soil in the evening. Do not apply directly to or contaminate edible portions of plants.

Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii)

Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) is an invasive pest that first arrived and spread throughout New England in 2011. It is primarily a pest of fruit crops, where the ability to oviposit in sound fruit (especially blueberry, raspberry, cherry, and peach) makes it a more serious pest than native fruit flies. SWD is deterred from lay eggs in sound tomato fruit by the strength of the tomato skin. However, where there are cracks and other openings, eggs are laid and larvae build up in fruit, liquefying the fruit contents and leaving nothing but an empty skin. Thus the management of cracked fruit is key to preventing buildup of SWD populations in tomato and possible contamination of cracked tomato fruit and containers post-harvest. See Spotted Wing Drosophila in the insect control section of Greenhouse Tomato for more information on controlling SWD in the field and postharvest.

Follow Extension monitoring alerts or place traps on your own farm, to know when SWD is starting to build up in your area. Currently, there are no thresholds for use of insecticides to control SWD in tomato. Few insecticides are registered specifically for control of SWD on tomato. Consult Extension SWD materials for updates on efficacy of products labeled for tomato.

malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 2.5 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B.

Stink Bugs, Brown (Euschistus servus) and Brown Marmorated (Halyomorpha halys)

The brown stink bug is a native pest that feeds on blossoms, buds, and fruit on a wide range of vegetables, fruits, and weeds. Adults are plain brown or grayish-yellow, 11-15 mm long, and the shield-like shape typical of stink bugs is rounded at the ‘shoulders’. Adults overwinter among plant debris and in weeds, and persist for 2 or more months in summer. Eggs are yellowish-white and laid in clusters of about 20. Nymphs are light colored, yellowish-brown above and white to yellow underneath. There are 2 generations per year. Both adults and nymphs cause damage to tomato fruit, causing white star-like patches on the fruit skin with shallow injury to the flesh below the skin. Bugs migrate into fields from weedy borders, woods, or brambles. Damage is worse in dry seasons and is often limited to the edge of the field; border treatments are often adequate to manage this pest. High tunnel tomatoes may be affected. High weed pressure, reduced-tillage, and increased use of cover crops may increase damage by providing hiding places within fields. Natural enemies in the field usually contain outbreaks if they are not disrupted by broad-spectrum insecticides. It is difficult to monitor by direct observation in tomato as it is reclusive, well-camouflaged, and inconspicuous. Shake plants over sheet or tray to check for presence of bugs.

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) was first documented in the US in PA in 2001 and since then has become a serious pest of fruit, vegetables, and field crops in the mid-Atlantic region and a sporadic pest in the Hudson Valley region and southern New England. Its range is expanding northward into New England. Adults have a shield-shaped body (a trait of most stink bugs), are about 3/4" (14 to 17 mm) long, 3/8" (8 mm) wide, and mottled or marbled grey-brown in color. The underside is white, sometimes with grey or black markings, and the legs are brown with faint white banding. One way to distinguish a BMSB from other stink bug species commonly found in New England is by the alternating dark and light bands on the insect's last 2 antennae segments. The name stink bug refers to the scent glands located on the dorsal surface of the abdomen and the underside of the thorax. BMSB is also commonly confused with the western conifer seed bug; both invade homes in the fall to overwinter.

BMSB eggs are elliptical (1.6 x 1.3 mm), light yellow to yellow-red with minute spines forming fine lines. They are attached, side-by-side, to the underside of leaves in masses of 20-30 eggs. There are 5 nymphal instars (immature stages). Nymphs have deep red eyes, yellowish red abdomen in the first instar progressing to off-white with reddish spots in the fifth instar. The legs, head and thorax of nymphs are black. Adults overwinter and emerge late April to mid-May, to mate and deposit eggs from May through August. They migrate into cropped areas from outside. There is likely 1 generation per year in New England, but research is indicating that 2 generations are occurring in mid-Atlantic states.

Fruits have been the most severely attacked (including apples, peaches, figs, mulberries, citrus fruits, and persimmons). Other hosts include many ornamental plants, weeds, and soybeans. Vegetable crops damaged by BMSB include sweet corn, tomatoes, lima beans, and green peppers. Feeding damage to fruits and vegetables includes scarring, cat-facing, spotting, and internal damage which reduce marketability.

Research on monitoring, thresholds and control methods is ongoing. Look for adults, eggs and nymphs and for damage. Insecticides labeled for stink bugs (without species indicated) may be used for BMSB; a few products have expanded labels to include BMSB specifically.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 5.2 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Foliar applications only. For brown, consperse, green, and Southern green stink bugs only. Coverage is essential for adequate control.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. May be combined with Belay for control of brown stink bug, but this combination should not be applied during bloom or if bees are actively foraging. See label for rates and increased PHI.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.
novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): 12 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 16B. Most effective on immature stages.
oxamyl (Vydate L): 1.5 to 4 pt/A foliar; PHI 3d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Apply once when insect populations are at threshold and repeat at 5 day intervals as needed. Apply by ground or air only in at least 20 gal of water/A by ground and in at least 5 gal/A by air. Thorough coverage improves performance. Use of a wetting agent can improve coverage. BMSB only.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
thiamethoxam (Actara): 3 to 5.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3.2 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Brown stink bugs only.

Tomato Russet Mite (Aculops lycopersici)

Surface feeding on stems produces a russeted or bronzed appearance, beginning at the soil line, which later moves up to leaves and fruit. Sulfur and other miticides are effective.

abamectin (Agri-Mek* SC): 1.75 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Must be mixed with a non-ionic wetting, spreading and/or penetrating spray adjuvant. Do not use binder or sticker type adjuvant.
insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. Repeated applications may be necessary.
malathion (Malathion 57EC): 1 to 2.5 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B.
Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 (Met 52 EC): 40 to 80 oz/100 gal drench, 8 to 64 oz/A foliar; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Group UN.
neem oil (Trilogy^OG): 1 to 2% solution in 25 to 100 gal water/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 18. Avoid midday applications and ensure good coverage.
petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils.
spirotetramat (Movento): 4 to 5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: M, Group 23. Must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant with spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and systemicity. Don't use sticker adjuvants. Controls immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility.
sulfur (Microthiol Disperss^OG): 5 to 10 lb/A; REI 24h, Bee: L, No IRAC classification. Thorough coverage is required.

Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae)

For more information on TSSM see insect control section of Eggplant.

abamectin (Agri-Mek* SC): 1.75 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Must be mixed with a non-ionic wetting, spreading, and/or penetrating spray adjuvant. Do not use binder or sticker type adjuvant.
acequinocyl (Kanemite 15SC): 31 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 20B. Do not use less than 100 gal water/A. Use of an adjuvant or surfactant is prohibited.
bifenazate (Acramite 50WS): 0.75 to 1 lb/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Long residual. Not systemic; ensure complete coverage of upper and lower leaf surfaces and fruit.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 5.12 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. Treat when mite populations are just beginning to build, less than 5 motiles per leaf.
fenpyroximate (Portal XLO): 2 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 21A.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.
insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. Repeated applications may be necessary.
Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 (Met 52 EC): 40 to 80 oz/100 gal drench, 8 to 64 oz/A foliar; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN.
neem oil (Trilogy^OG): 1 to 2% solution in 25 to 100 gal water/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 18. Avoid midday applications and ensure good coverage.
petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur, or oils.
soybean oil (Golden Pest Spray Oil^OG): 2 gal/10 to 80 gal water/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 25. Apply once a week beginning when mites first appear.
spiromesifen (Oberon 2SC): 7 to 8.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 23. Complete coverage is necessary. An adjuvant may be used to improve coverage and control. Effective against egg and immature stages.
sulfur (Microthiol Disperss^OG): 5 to 10 lb/A; REI 24h, Bee: L, No IRAC classification. Thorough coverage is required.

Whitefly, Greenhouse (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and Sweet Potato (Bemisia tabaci)

Whiteflies found in the outdoor vegetable crops in New England are most commonly greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) or, less commonly, sweet potato whitefly B-biotype (Bemisia tabaci). For more information on biology and management, see whiteflies in the insect control section of Greenhouse Tomato. Whitefly outbreaks in field tomatoes and other field crops are not common in New England. Both species winter-kill but may be introduced on infested transplants that are moved from the greenhouse to the field. Manage populations in the greenhouse using biological controls or insecticides (see Insect and Mite Management in the Vegetable Transplant section for more on managing whitefly on transplants in the greenhouse). Natural enemies in the field may contain outbreaks if they are not disrupted by broad-spectrum insecticides. Row covers over transplants may protect whiteflies from natural enemies, allowing populations to build. If whitefly populations reach high levels, damage appears as yellowing, spots, leaf drop, plant wilting or stunting, and may result in problems with honeydew and sooty mold or viruses. Most feeding occurs on lower leaf surfaces, so systemic insecticides are often more effective than contact insecticides. Practice resistance management by alternating between insecticide groups to preserve the effective life of products.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2.5 to 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A.
afidopyropen (Sefina): 14 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9D.
alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee:H, Group 3A. Suppression only.
beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H,
Group 3A. Suppression of adult whiteflies only.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 5.2 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
Chenopodium extract (Requiem EC): 2 to 4 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Group UN. Apply before pests reach damaging levels.
Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.
cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. For best performance, use with an effective adjuvant.
cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A at planting, 6.75 to 10 oz/A chemigation; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting, drip chemigation, or soil injection. Allow 1-3 days for control to be translocated into the aerial portions and to fully protect transplants following an at-plant application. Allow 2-5 days for control to fully protect the plants following a drip application.
deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.
dinotefuran (Safari): 1 to 4 oz/A foliar, 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. For transplants while in greenhouse. Not for use on greenhouse or field crops.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 dry oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 dry oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A Do not apply to varieties with fruit that is less than 2", such as cherry or grape tomatoes.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
fenpyroximate (Portal XLO): 2 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 21A. Suppression only.
flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2.8 to 4.28 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9C. Begin applications before populations begin to build, and before damage is evident. Use higher rate for building populations or dense foliage. Suppression only.
flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 10.5 to 14 oz/A foliar, 21 to 28 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, PHI 45d soil, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.
imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 7 to 10.5 oz/A soil, 1.3 to 2.2 oz/A foliar, 0.44 oz/10,000 plants on seedling transplants in greenhouse; PHI 21d soil, PHI 0d foliar, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Planthouse applications only provide short-term protection. An additional field application must be made within 2 weeks following transplanting to provide continuous protection.
insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. For enhanced and residual control, apply with a companion labeled insecticide.
Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 (Met 52 EC): 40 to 80 oz/100 gal drench, 8 to 64 oz/A foliar; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN.
oxamyl (Vydate* L): 2 to 4 pt/A; PHI 3d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Apply by ground or air when insects first appear. Suppression only.
petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.
pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9A. Suppression only. Apply when whiteflies first appear.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
pyriproxyfen (Knack): 8 to 10 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: L, Group 7. For control of eggs and immature stages. Does not control adults, but hatching of eggs laid by treated adults may be suppressed. Apply when threshold levels are reached. Higher water volumes provide improved control.
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur, or oils.
spiromesifen (Oberon 2SC): 7 to 8.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 23. Complete coverage is necessary. An adjuvant may be used to improve coverage and control. Effective against egg and immature stages.
spirotetramat (Movento): 4 to 5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: M, Group 23. Must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant with spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and sytemicity. Don't use sticker adjuvants. Controls immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility.
sulfoxaflor (Closer SC): 4.25 to 4.5 oz/A.; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4C. Do not apply between 3 days prior to bloom and until after petal fall.
thiamethoxam (Actara): 3 to 5.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seedling root zone during or after transplanting or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment. Do not apply as a foliar spray.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3.2 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.

Insect Control

Tomato Outdoor Physiological Disorders

Tomato Outdoor Physiological Disorders ashahane Wed, 05/29/2024 - 16:03

Outdoor Tomato - General Outdoor Tomato Disease Control Outdoor Tomato Insect Control Outdoor Tomato Weed Control

Blossom End Rot

A physiological disorder associated with insufficient uptake and translocation of calcium to the fruit. For control, ensure adequate moisture and calcium in the soil. It is essential to maintain uniform soil moisture throughout the season. Do not permit plants to wilt during hot days. Do not use urea or ammonium sources of nitrogen for sidedressing or fertigation because these forms of nitrogen inhibit calcium uptake. Avoid injuring roots.

Blotchy Ripening and Gray Wall

Blotchy ripening most often develops in greenhouses. Damage to fruit may be significant. It can also be encountered in the field in fresh-market and processing tomato crops. This poorly understood physiological disorder seems to be a consequence of any environmental stress that slows the growth of the plant, particularly sudden stress that occurs at some point early in fruit development. The cause of this physiological disorder and its relationship to "gray wall" is not well understood. Blotchy ripening has been linked to potassium and boron deficiency and to high nitrogen levels, which promote excessive growth. This syndrome has sometimes been linked to infection by tomato mosaic virus, but this does not seem to be the definitive cause. Weather plays a role in the development of blotchy ripening; the disorder is more prevalent when temperatures are very high. Affected fruit ripen unevenly, with patches that do not ripen but remain hard and gray or yellow. When fruit are cut, the vascular tissues may appear brown and rotted. Growers should provide balanced fertilization and, in greenhouses, avoid excessively high temperatures, if possible. Cultivars vary in susceptibility to greywall. Avoid those varieties which show excessive symptoms. Avoid injury to roots. Do not sidedress with urea or ammonium sources of nitrogen.

Fruit Cracking

See Physiological Disorders in Tomato (Greenhouse and High Tunnel) section.

Physiological Disorders

Tomato Outdoor Weed Control

Tomato Outdoor Weed Control otank Tue, 05/28/2024 - 12:46

Outdoor Tomato - General Outdoor Tomato Disease Control Outdoor Tomato Insect Control Outdoor Tomato Physiological Disorders

NOTES: For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using.

Stale Seedbed

See Stale Seedbed Technique for information on the use of these herbicides or flaming.

carfentrazone (Aim EC): PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 14.
glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): PHI 14d, REI 4h, Group 9.
paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): REI 12h or 24h, Group 22. *Restricted use: Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training every 3 years: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training-certified-applicators.
pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 0.

Preemergent Herbicides (before weeds germinate)

napropamide (Devrinol 2-XT): REI 24h, Group 0. Apply 2-4 qt/A per application only 1 application per year. Shallow incorporate no deeper than the seedling depth. If using with plastic mulch, apply before laying mulch. If soil is dry, incorporate 2-4” into the soil with water through rainfall or irrigation within 24-72 hours of application and then lay mulch the same day the herbicide was incorporated. If applying between rows of plastic mulch, shallow incorporate 1-2” into the soil with water through rainfall or irrigation within 24-72 hours of application.
pendimethalin (Prowl H2O): PHI 21d, REI 24h, Group 3. Apply 1-3 pt/A per application. Rate based on soil texture. Can be applied broadcast before transplanting or as a directed spray after transplanting. Can be applied to transplanted raised beds just before laying plastic. May also be applied in a band to previously untreated row middles between the transplanted beds but be sure not to overlap row and row-middle spray. Incorporate into the soil or leave on the soil surface. Treated soil falling into the transplant hole may delay crop growth. Can be used under plastic mulch. Can also be applied after transplanting once the roots are established as a directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with foliage or stems or injury will occur. Mechanically incorporate at blocking, thinning, or layby if sufficient rainfall or irrigation has not occurred.
s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum): PHI 30d for applications 1.33 pt/A or less, 90d for applications greater than 1.33 pt/A, REI 24h, Group 15. Apply 1-2 pts/A per application. Only 2 applications allowed if following the 30 days PHI. Rate based on application timing, soil texture, and organic matter content. Can be applied before transplanting tomatoes. Be sure to keep soil disturbance to a minimum during transplanting. If dry weather is expected Dual Magnum can be uniformly incorporated into the soil before planting. If laying plastic, apply immediately before laying plastic. Can also apply after the tomatoes have emerged in a minimum of 20 gal/A if spray, avoiding contact with the tomato plant. For transplanted tomatoes, apply after the first setting rain or irrigation. For direct seeded tomatoes, apply when tomatoes are at least 4” tall. Can also be applied in row middles. Has not been tested on all varieties; crop tolerance should be verified before treating the entire field. The risk of crop injury is greater if transplants are damaged or in cool wet conditions. If applying in row middles in sandy soils in wet conditions, epinasty of crops may occur. To reduce this risk, incorporate after spraying, apply 7 or more days before planting transplants, or minimize the application of Dual Magnum onto the plastic mulch.
sulfentrazone (Aquesta 4F): REI 12h, Group 14. Apply 2.25-12 oz/A per application. 2.25-8.0 oz/A per application. Only 1 application per year. Rate based on soil texture, organic matter, and soil pH. Apply banded or broadcast before transplanting.
trifluralin (Treflan HFP): REI 12h, Group 3. Apply 1-2 pt/A per application, only 1 application per year. Rate based on soil texture, percent organic matter, and rainfall.

Pre- and Postemergent Herbicides

halosulfuron (Sandea): PHI 30d, REI 12h, Group 2. Apply 0.5-1 oz/A per application, up to 2 applications allowed per year, a minimum of 21 days apart. Do not exceed 2 oz/A per year. Rate depends on soil texture and organic matter. Split applications will help with control of nutsedge (preemergence followed by post-emergent or two post-emergent applications). In this situation, use a spot treatment to target emerged nutsedge and do not exceed 1 oz/A (or 0.75 oz/A on top of plastic mulch). Can be applied before transplanting tomatoes. Apply to bare ground or following bed shaping and just prior to installation of plastic mulch. Transplant 7 days after treating, taking care not to expose untreated soil. Can also be applied after tomatoes have emerged either over-the-top, or with crop shields as a directed spray. Apply once tomatoes have reached the 4-leaf stage or once transplants are established, at least 14 days after transplanting. Applications following bloom could cause some bloom drop. Over-the-top applications on plastic mulch are not allowed in the Northeast. Can also apply to row middles.
rimsulfuron (Matrix): PHI 45d*, REI 4h, Group 2. Apply up to 4 oz/A per application, up to 3 applications allowed per year, a minimum of 7 days apart. Do not exceed 4 oz/A per year. Activate and incorporate 2-3” into the soil with water through irrigation or rainfall within 5 days of application. Applying after weed and crop emergence will provide better control if unable to water in a preemergent application. Can also use irrigation or rainfall to activate postemergent Matrix to better control future flushes of weeds. Irrigation or rainfall must occur between 4 hours and 5 days after application. REIs vary by formulations; check labels.
metribuzin (Metribuzin 75): PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 5. Apply 0.3-1.3 lb/A per application, multiple application allowed per year, a minimum of 14 days apart. Do not exceed 1.3 lb/A per year, but do not apply the total amount of Metribuzin within a time span of 35 days unless using a directed spray. Do not apply within 24 hours of treatment with other pesticides or within 3 days after periods of cool, wet, or cloudy weather. Has not been tested on all varieties; crop tolerance should be verified before treating the entire field. Do not use with hot caps. Can be applied in a minimum of 10 gal/A of spray as a broadcast application to the soil surface immediately before transplanting. Mechanically incorporate 2-4” into the soil. Place root system below the chemical barrier. Apply to transplants once they have recovered from transplant shock and new growth is evident. If applying at a high rate (0.6-1.3 lbs/A), avoid contact with tomato foliage.

Postemergent Herbicides (after weeds germinate)

carfentrazone (Aim EC): REI 12h, Group 14. Apply up to 2 oz/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year. Do not exceed 6.1 oz/A per year. Can be applied as a preplant burndown immediately before transplanting. Can also be applied to row middles of emerged crops with hooded sprayers to control emerged weeds, including crops grown on mulch or plastic. Prevent any spray from contacting the crop, or injury will occur. For best results, make application to actively growing weeds up to 4” tall and rosettes less than 3” across.
clethodim (Select Max): PHI 20d, 24hr REI, Group 1. Apply 9-16 oz/A per application, up to 4 applications allowed per year, a minimum of 14 days apart. Do not exceed 64 oz/A per year. Apply to actively growing grasses. Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt/100 gal of spray). Can also be applied as a spot-spray by mixing 0.33-0.66% (0.44-0.85 oz/gal) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz/gal). Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.
glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): PHI 14d, REI 4h, Group 9. Apply 10 oz to 3.1 qts/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year. Do not exceed 5 qts/A per year. Rate based on target weed species. Can be applied during fallow intervals, prior to transplanting or at planting. Could cause injury when applied prior to transplanting into plastic mulch. Remove residual product from plastic mulch with a 0.5” of water through irrigation or rainfall prior to planting. Turn air circulation fans off when applying inside a greenhouse.
paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): REI 12h or 24h, Group 22. Apply 1.3-2.7 pts/A per application. Up to 3 applications allowed before tomato planting, 3 applications after tomato emergence, and 2 applications after harvest as a dessiccant, at least 7 days apart. Do not exceed 8 pts/A per year. Can also be applied after the crop has emerged with a directed spray. Apply in a minimum of 10 gal/A of spray. Can also be applied after the final harvest as a vine dessiccant in a minimum of 40 gal/A of spray. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. *Restricted use: Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training every 3 years: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training-certified-applicators.
pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Apply a 3-10% solution (3-10 gal/100 gal of spray). Apply in 75-200 gal/A of spray. Can use preplant, or as a directed and shielded spray during crop growth. Avoid contact with foliage or crop damage may occur. Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.
sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 20d, REI 12h, Group 1. Apply up to 1.5 pt/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year, a minimum of 14 days apart. Do not exceed 4.5 pts/A per year. Apply to actively growing grasses. Use with crop oil concentrate (2 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A). Note that crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions. Can also be applied as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3-1.9 oz/gal) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz/gal). Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

Weed Control