Pumpkin, Squash, and Gourds

Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds Disease Control Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds Insect Control Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds Weed Control

Introduction

In the U.S., the cultivated members of the Cucurbita genus fall into three species: Cucurbita pepo (pumpkins, summer squashes, and some winter squashes), C. maxima (buttercup and hubbard squashes, and giant pumpkins), and C. moschata (butternut squashes). With the exception of C. maxima, whose center of origin is in South America, it is assumed that the other cultivated species were domesticated in Mesoamerica. The catch-all term "gourd" includes some members of the genus Cucurbita as well as some members of the genus Lagenaria.

Squash, pumpkins, and some gourds can be marketed for a variety of purposes: as a vegetable or for seeds; as an ingredient in pies, cakes, and pastries; and as a base for cold and warm soups. Many types, edible and inedible, are marketed for their ornamental value.

Types and Varieties

New varieties come on the market and older varieties fall out of favor or become unavailable over time. The information below is updated every 2 years, but with any questions, please contact your local Extension staff.

There are several types of summer squashes which vary in size and shape, including: zucchini, yellow and yellow crookneck, patty pan, cousa, as well as spherical types such as ‘Eight Ball’. These are harvested every 1-3 days, often from 2-3 sequential plantings throughout the season. Winter squash come in diverse shapes and sizes, from very large to very small, and are harvested once at the end of the season. Pumpkins also range from small to very large. They can have smooth, rough, or warty textures and come in white, orange, yellow, deep red, and various mottled colors. Note that the so-called giant pumpkins are actually C. maxima, unlike standard pumpkins, which are C. pepo. Of the cucurbits, gourds are most known for their colors and shapes. Many bear names that reflect their appearance: crook-necked, winged, crown-of-thorns.

Types and Varieties of Pumpkins

Types	Varieties
Miniature Pumpkin	Baby Boo Bumpkin - PMT Wee-B-Little Apprentice - P, FW
Small Pumpkin (2-6 lbs)	Baby Bear Baby Pam Cannon Ball Field Trip - PMR Hybrid Pam Mystic Plus - PMT Neon Hijinks Prankster - PMT Rockafellow
Medium Pumpkin (6-20 lbs)	Gladiator - PMT Magic Lantern - PMT Mystic Plus - PMT Magician - PMR, ZYMV Neon Racer Plus
Large Pumpkin (>20 lbs)	Ares - PMT Big Doris - PMT Cargo - PMR Cronos - PMT Expert Gladiator - PMT Gold Medal Howden Kratos - PMT
Exhibit/Giant Pumpkin	Atlantic Giant Prizewinner
Ornamental/Specialty Pumpkin	Knucklehead Grizzly Bear - PMT
White Pumpkins - Small	Blanco - PMR Casperita - PMR
White Pumpkins - Pie	Icicle - PMT Moonshine Snowball
White Pumpkins - Large	Lumina Polar Bear
Resistant or tolerant to: CMV: cucumber mosaic virus, FW: fusarium wilt; P: phytopthera; PMR: powdery mildew resistant, PMT: powdery mildew tolerant, PRSV: papaya ringspot virus, WMV2: watermelon mosaic virus-2, ZYMV: zucchini yellows mosaic virus

Types and Varieties of Squash

Types	Varieties
Yellow Summer Squash	Cougar - ZYMV, PRSV Enterprise Fortune Gentry Lioness - ZYMV, WMV2, PRSV, CMV Slick Pik
Zucchini	Spineless Beauty Zucchini Elite Sebring (golden) - PMT Golden Glory (golden) - PMT, WMV2, ZYMV
Scallop and Specialty Summer Squash	Patty Green Tint Starship Sunburst Eight Ball One Ball Zephyr (bi-colored)
Winter Squash - small, Cucurbita pepo	Carnival (delicata/sweet dumpling) Delicata Honey Bear (acorn hybrid) - PMT Royal Ace (acorn hybrid) - PMT Taybelle PM (acorn hybrid) - PMT
Winter Squash - buttercup/kabocha, C. maxima	Bon Bon Burgess Buttercup Sunshine Sweet Mama Red Kuri
Winter Squash - hubbard types, C. maxima	Blue Hubbard Ballet
Winter Squash - spaghetti, C. pepo	Tivoli Vegetable Spaghetti
Winter Squash - processing	Golden Delicious (C. maxima) Maxim (butternut)
Resistant or tolerant to: CMV: cucumber mosaic virus, FW: Fusarium wilt; P: Phytophthora blight; PMR: powdery mildew resistant, PMT: powdery mildew tolerant, PRSV: papaya ringspot virus, WMV2: watermelon mosaic virus-2, ZYMV: zucchini yellows mosaic virus

Types and Varieties of Gourds

Types	Varieties
Ornamental Gourds	Autumn Wings Birdhouse Crown of Thorns Galaxy of Stars Goblin Eggs Lunch Lady Spoon Snake

Types

Varieties

Ornamental Gourds

Autumn Wings

Birdhouse

Crown of Thorns

Galaxy of Stars

Goblin Eggs

Lunch Lady

Spoon

Snake

Soil Fertility

Apply lime according to soil test results to maintain soil pH at 6.5-6.8. Pumpkins and squash prefer well-drained soil, preferably sandy loams with high organic matter. Gourds can be grown in a wide range of soil types but mature earlier and color better on sandy soils or sandy loams that drain well and warm up early in the spring. Squashes and pumpkins are relatively heavy feeders.

Plant Nutrient Recommendations According to Soil Test Results for Pumpkin and Squash

SOIL TEST RESULTS	NITROGEN (N) - LBS PER ACRE	PHOSPHOROUS (P) - LBS P₂O₅ PER ACRE				POTASSIUM (K) - LBS K₂O PER ACRE
SOIL TEST RESULTS	NITROGEN (N) - LBS PER ACRE	VERY LOW	LOW	OPTIMUM	ABOVE OPTIMUM	VERY LOW	LOW	OPTIMUM	ABOVE OPTIMUM
Broadcast and incorporate (Transplants)	50	110	60	0	0	160	110	0-40	0
Band-place when direct seeding*	20-40	40	40	0-40	0	40	40	0-40	0
Sidedress when vines start to run**	40-50	0	0	0-0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL RECOMMENDED	110-140	150	100	0-40	0	200	150	40-80	0
Total N and K₂O in the band should not exceed 5.5 lb/1000' of row. Banded P₂O₅ may not be of benefit in warm soils. *Sidedressing may not be necessary when using plastic mulch, or if organic matter can supply sufficient N; repeat sidedress in 2-3 weeks.

Planting

Direct Seeding. Earlier planting may result in earlier harvest, but plastic mulch, row covers, raised beds, and transplants may be necessary to overcome cold-temperature conditions. Squash, pumpkins, and gourds should not be planted until after there is no danger of frost. While optimum soil temperature for germination is about 85ºF, minimum soil temperature should be 65ºF for direct-seedings, warmer if using untreated seed. Germination may take 5-10 days, depending on soil temperature. Seeds are planted at 0.75-1” in heavier soils, and 1-1.5” in lighter soils. Squash seeds are prone to rot in excessively wet conditions, so adjust depth accordingly.

Transplanting. In locations where the soil is slow to warm or there are insurmountable rodent problems, transplanting 3-week-old seedlings is an option. Cucurbit roots are sensitive to cold soils. Root damage during removal from cell trays and transplanting must be kept to an absolute minimum. For this reason, growers often start cucurbit seeds in degradable pots that can be set directly into the field. When planting through plastic mulch, stems must not be abraded by the edge of the hole in the plastic. Leggy transplants have a lower survival rate than compact, younger seedlings.

Spacing. Plant population and spacing depend on plant growth habits and desired fruit sizes. Compact or bush-type squashes can be spaced 18-24” apart within rows, and 3-5’ between rows, depending on available space and accommodation for machinery. Compact squashes, particularly summer-harvested types, are typically planted through black plastic mulch for soil warmth, weed suppression, and soil moisture consistency. Well-drained soils should also have drip tape under the mulch. Vining squashes are usually not planted through plastic mulch, although on a small scale it is practical and will save labor and improve yield. These vining plants usually require 5-6’ between rows, with plants spaced at 18-30”, depending on desired fruit size. Direct-seed heavily to allow for rodent damage and poor germination. Thinning can take place a few weeks after seeding.

Field Culture

Reduced Tillage. Pumpkins and winter squash can also be produced in strip-till or no-till systems. Seeds are planted into the stubble of a killed cover crop or harvested small grain. Herbicide may be necessary. Reduced-till systems provide erosion control, help retain soil moisture, improve soil structure, reduce weed and disease pressure, provide cleaner fruit at harvest, and may facilitate planting and harvest operations during wet weather.

Pollination. Pumpkin and squash require bee activity for good fruit set. Fruit set in winter squash and pumpkin takes place largely over a 2- to 3-week period, while summer squash pollination takes place throughout the summer, depending on cropping sequence. Inadequate pollination results in poorly shaped fruit and excessive blossom drop. Your location may have good populations of wild bees, including native bumblebees and squash bees. Make observations to determine whether or not you need to supplement with hives. One hive of bees per acre is recommended. If honey bees are not available, bumble bees are a reliable alternative and are commercially available. Since bees can carry pollen for a mile or more, isolation of fields from other types of squash or pumpkin is rarely possible in the New England area.

Several factors other than bees and pollination may affect fruit set. Pumpkins and squash have separate male and female flowers. The numbers of female flowers, which produce fruit, is adversely affected by prolonged periods of high temperatures (more than 7 days above 90º F day and 70º F night), dry conditions just prior to and during bloom, excessive soil nitrogen, and excessive shading from the plant canopy. Sometimes low yields associated with lack of female flowers can be avoided or minimized by making several plantings over 2-3 weeks, planting several varieties, timely irrigation, and spacing pumpkins farther apart to help reduce shading.

Harvest and Storage

Summer squash should be harvested when fully expanded but still immature, while the rind is still glossy and easily scratched by a fingernail. This may require a 1- to 3-day picking interval. Zucchini may be harvested by cutting the stem with a knife, while straight-neck and crookneck can be twisted from the plant. Spines on the petioles can easily damage the surface of fruits, so they should be pulled out of the plant canopy carefully. Cutting with a knife can transmit virus. If virus is detected in the field, fruit should be harvested by twisting from the plant.

Summer squash can be damaged from 3-4 days of exposure to temperatures of 32-40º F and 90% or higher relative humidity. This is commonly referred to as "chilling injury". If storage is required, hold at 45-50º F and at 90% relative humidity for up to 2 weeks. Summer squash should be marketed as soon as possible.

Winter Squash and Pumpkin. For winter squash, good yields of smaller varieties are 5-7 tons or 2,000-4,000 fruit per acre. The large types (fresh market) may yield up to 10-30 tons or 1,000-2,000 fruit per acre. Winter squash and pumpkin are not normally harvested until the rind or skin is completely hardened. If necessary, pumpkins can be harvested as soon as some color is present. If possible, pumpkins that have reached full color should be stored under cover to protect them from chilling injury from temperatures below 50º F and from disease. Fruits are easily damaged by rough handling. Do not permit fruits to be exposed to 32º F, as this can promote storage problems.

Winter squash should be well-matured for storage, and free from injury or decay. A 10- to 20-day curing period at 80-85ºF before storage is often recommended for squash showing any surface damage or with skin that has not hardened. Such a curing period may provide no benefit to undamaged, well-matured fruits. For the longer term, winter squash should be stored between 55º-60ºF. Research has demonstrated that disease is minimized at 60ºF and at 50-75% relative humidity. Chilling injury occurs any time the temperatures fall below 55ºF, either in the field or in storage. Damage is cumulative; injury increases as temperature decreases and/or length of chilling time increases. Fruit that has experienced chilling injury is likely to break down in storage.

Pumpkin can be stored in good condition for 2-3 months at 50-55ºF and 70-75% relative humidity. Hubbard and butternut squash can be kept 6 months or more, acorn 5-8 weeks, and buttercup 2-3 months or more. Squash should not be stored with ethylene producers such as ripe apples or pears, since squash will turn color, become stringy, and decay. It is important to keep squash dry and maintain good air circulation.

Gourds. Gourds should mature between late summer and the first fall frost. Harvest fruit when the stems become dry and the skin is hard. Discard any fruit which is bruised, cut, or showing symptoms of disease. Wash gourds in warm, soapy water to remove any soil and reduce postharvest rots.

Rinse fruit in clean water and dry with a soft cloth. Spread the gourds out on several layers of newspaper in a warm, dry place, such as an attic or loft, for final drying. This should take 3-4 weeks.

Dried gourds may be marketed in their natural state or treated with a protective, shiny coating. Gourds may be waxed with a paste-type wax and buffed with a soft cloth, or shellac may be applied by spraying, brushing, or dipping to give them a hard, glossy finish.

Pumpkin, Squash, and Gourds Disease Control

Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds - General Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds Insect Control Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds Weed Control

NOTES: For the disease control products listed below, a product trade name and formulation are provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 26 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Angular Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas lachrymans)

Angular leaf spot is occasionally a serious disease in New England during wet seasons. Plow under crop residue after harvest. Rotate away from cucurbits for at least 1 year.

acibenzolar-s-methyl (Actigard 50WG): 0.5 to 1.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group P01. Apply to healthy, actively growing plants.
Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 (Serenade ASO^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. See label for mixing precautions.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette. Discontinue use if crop injury occurs.
copper octanoate (Cueva FL): 33 gal/A; PHI od, REI 4h, Group M01; May be used in greenhouse.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum), Alternaria Leaf Spot, and Black Rot (Stagonosporopsis spp., formerly Didymella bryoniae)

Do not plant winter squash or pumpkins for at least 2 years in fields where these fungal diseases have been a problem. Plow under plant debris after harvest. Reduce weeds to allow for faster drying of plant surfaces. Start with certified disease-free seed. Carefully scout transplants in greenhouse for diseased plants and remove them, improve ventilation in greenhouse, and reduce overhead irrigation. Avoid injuring fruit before or during harvest. Apply protectant fungicides according to a disease forecasting system (Melcast). Cultivars with resistance to anthracnose are available.

Black rot, also known as gummy stem blight (GSB) is one of the most destructive diseases of winter squash and pumpkins and is characterized by a distinctive black decay of the fruits of all cucurbits. Foliar symptoms start as marginal necrosis followed by larger, wedged shaped necrotic areas, often with a yellow halo. Stem cankers develop in the cortical tissue and a brown, gummy exudate is produced. Small fruiting bodies may appear as black specks in diseased tissue. Stems may be girdled on seedlings and the plant dies, or on older plants stem cankers lead to wilt and decline. Small, water-soaked spots develop on fruit, enlarge, and exude gummy material and contain many black, fruiting bodies. Black rot on butternut may appear as a superficial hardened tan to white area which can develop concentric rings. This typically occurs where the fruit touched the soil. Lesions may become hardened and dormant on mature fruit that is cured and stored under proper conditions, but chilling injury or high humidity may activate the disease and cause fruit collapse during storage. Check fruit weekly for signs of black rot.

azoxystrobin (Quadris F): 11.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides. Resistant isolates of black rot have been reported. See label for application methods and mixing instructions.
azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 3.2 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M05. See label for tank mix precautions.
azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole (Quadris Top): 12.0 to14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.
Bacillus mycoides Isolate J (LifeGard WG^OG): 4.5 oz/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P06. See label for application methods and instructions. GSB and anthracnose only.
Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 (Serenade ASO^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. See label for tank mixing precautions.
boscalid (Endura): 6.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7.
chlorothalonil (BravoWeather Stik): 1.5 to 3.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05. Rates vary for each disease; see label.
chlorothalonil plus oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Opti): 1.7 to 2.5 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups M05 & 49. For enhanced control, add a chlorothalonil-containing product to the spray mixture.
chlorothalonil plus potassium phosphite (Catamaran): 4.0 to 6.0 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12, Groups M05 & P07. Do not apply under drought conditions or conditions conducive to sunburn.
copper hydroxide (Champ Formula 2 Flowable 2F): 1.33 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. REI for products ranges from 4 to 48 hr.
cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to14.0 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12. Black rot and Alternaria only. Good coverage is essential for good disease control. Use a minimum of 10 gallons/A spray volume. See label.
cymoxanil plus chlorothalonil (Ariston): 1.9 to 3.0 pt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 27 & M05.
difenoconazole plus benzovindiflupyr (Aprovia Top): 10.5 to 13.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7.
difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3 & 9. Apply in sufficient volume to achieve thorough coverage.
famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Tank mix with an appropriate contact fungicide from a different FRAC Group. Alternaria and anthracnose only.
fenamidone (Reason 500 SC): 5.5 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides. Alternaria only.
flutriafol (Rhyme): 5.0 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. Black rot and anthracnose only
floxapyraxad plus pyraclostrobin (Merivon): 4.5 to 5.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 7 &11. Make no more than 2 sequential applications before alternating with a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette. Alternaria and anthrarcnose only.
penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 12.6 to 16.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 7. Black rot and Alternaria only. Can be tank-mixed with a minimum of 1.5 lb/A chlorothalonil.
polyoxin D zinc salt (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not make more than 1 application of Cabrio before alternating to a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (Pristine): 12.5 to 18.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 7. Use caution in the addition of adjuvants or additives (see label).
Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A foliar or ground application; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P05. Apply to ensure thorough coverage.
thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M WSB): 0.5 lb/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Group 1. Consecutive use of Topsin M may lead to buildup of resistant strains of fungi and loss of disease control. May be tank mixed with chlorothalonil or mancozeb. GSB and anthracnose only. See label for application methods.
zoxamide + chlorothalonil (Zing!): 36.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 22 & M05. Do not combine with anything other than water. See label for restrictions.

Bacterial Wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila)

Because this bacterium is transmitted systemically by cucumber beetles, copper sprays are of no value. Cucumber beetles must be controlled by appropriate insecticide programs. Symptoms include rapid wilt of plants with no recovery overnight. Scout twice weekly at seedling stage for cucumber beetles. Treat when beetle numbers reach the threshold of 1 beetle per 100 feet of row. Use crop rotation to reduce beetle numbers. Rogue infected plants. Spunbonded row covers will exclude beetles. Plant a sprayed perimeter trap crop of Blue Hubbard squash to protect more susceptible crops. Dipping transplants in a kaolin solution will provide some protection as an antifeedant.

Cucurbit Viruses: CMV, WMV-II, PRSV-W and ZYMV

Refer to the discussion of these viruses in the disease control section in Cucumber, Muskmelon, and Watermelon.

Downy Mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Pseudoperonospora cubensis infects only members of the cucurbit family and is an obligate parasite; it only grows on living tissue and does not overwinter in the Northeast. Its survival depends on the presence of cucurbit hosts, either in climates that permit their growth year-round or in greenhouse culture. The source of primary inoculum in cold climates is windblown sporangia from areas where plants survive the cold season. Generally, downy mildew of cucurbits does not arrive in southern New England until August. However, in some seasons it can move up the eastern seaboard early and arrive in July. Downy mildew first appears as watersoaked/yellow lesions on the upper side of the foliage that are often confined by leaf veins and angular in shape. The progress of downy mildew is tracked by the North American Plant Disease Forecast Center (http://cdm.ipmpipe.org/). Physiological specialization occurs in P. cubensis and at least 5 pathotypes have been described. Cucumber and melon are susceptible to all pathotypes, while squash and melon cultivars vary in their reactions. Spread of downy mildew within a field can be by air currents, rain splash, workers, and tools. The main means of control are fungicide applications, the use of resistant cultivars, and cultural practices. Maximum control can be achieved only with a combination of these measures. Maximize the distance from potential inoculum sources. Use plant spacings that reduce the density of the plant canopy and avoid overhead irrigation to minimize the length of leaf wetness periods. Squash and pumpkin cultivars are resistant to some pathotypes but are very susceptible to compatible pathotypes. Downy mildew is an oomycete and will not be controlled by the same fungicides that control true fungi.

ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 45 & 40.
azoxystrobin (Quadris F): 11.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides. See label for application methods and mixing instructions.
Bacillus mycoides Isolate J (LifeGard WG^OG): 4.5 oz/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P06.
Bacillius subtilis strain QST 713 (Seranade ASO^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. See label for tank mixing precautions.
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.5 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05.
chlorothalonil plus oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Opti): 1.7 to 2.5 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups M05 & 49. See label for application methods and restrictions.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, 24h greenhouse, Group M01. Discontinue use if crop injury occurs. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
copper oxychloride plus copper hydroxide (Badge SC): 0.5 to 2.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Crop injury may occur from application at higher rates and shorter intervals. Tank mixes with foliar applied fertilizers during periods of excessive heat can result in crop injury. REI is 24hr for greenhouse use. See label.
cyazofamid (Ranman 400SC): 2.1 to 2.75 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Tank mix with an organosilicone surfactant or non-ionic surfactant. Alternate sprays of Ranman with a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
cymoxanil (Curzate 60 DF): 3.2 to 5.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 27. Use only in combination with a protectant fungicide (e.g., copper, chlorothalonil).
cymoxanil plus chlorothalonil (Ariston): 1.9 to 3.0 pt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 27 & M05.
dimethomorph (Forum): 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 40. Apply only in combination with a labeled rate of another non-Group 40 fungicide. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Forum before alternating to a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
ethaboxam (Elumin): 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 22. See label for restrictions.
famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos ): 8.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27.Tank mix with an appropriate contact fungicide.
fenamidone (Reason 500 SC): 5.5 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.
fosetyl Al (Aliette WDG): 2.0 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 12d, REI 24h, Group P07. Do not tank mix with copper. See label for other restrictions.
mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.6 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03. Do not tank mix with copper. See label for application methods and restrictions.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Opti A): 2.0 to 4.8 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4, Group 49.
oxathiapiprolin plus mandipropamid (Orondis Ultra): 5.5 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4, Group 49 & 40.
phosphorous acid (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P07. Do not apply to plants that are heat- or moisture-stressed. Copper phytotoxicity may occur.
propamocarb HCl (Previcur Flex): 1.2 pt/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 28. Alternate with a contact fungicide (e.g., copper, chlorothalonil).
pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 8.0 to 12.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not make more than 1 application before alternating with a non-Group 11 fungicide.
pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (Pristine): 12.5 to 18.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 7. Use caution in the addition of adjuvants or additives.
Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A, foliar or ground application; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Groups P05. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. Apply with another fungicide for downy mildew.
trifloxystrobin (Flint): 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with another Group 11 fungicide. Suppression only. See label for restrictions.
zoxamide plus chlorothalonil (Zing!): 36.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 22 & M05. Do not combine with anything other than water. See label for restrictions.
zoxamide plus mancozeb (Gavel 75DF): 1.5 to 2.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups 22 & M03. Do not tank mix with another Group M3 fungicide if the target pest is only downy mildew. Tank-mix only if a partner is required to control other diseases, such as copper for bacterial disease.

Phytophthora Blight and Fruit Rot (Phytophthora capsici)

Vines can be infected by Phytophthora capsici any time during the growing season. Dark, water-soaked lesions develop on vines and can girdle the stem, resulting in rapid collapse and death of foliage above the lesion. Fruit rot can occur anytime after fruit develops and typically begins as a water-soaked lesion that becomes covered with white yeast-like mold. Fruit infection progresses rapidly, resulting in complete collapse of the fruit and total crop loss. P. capsici cannot be managed by fungicide applications alone; successful disease control is achieved only by a season-long effort to manage water and other cultural practices. The single most effective way to control this disease is to prevent its movement into clean fields by equipment, humans, or infested water. Plant susceptible crops (tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, all cucurbit species, and lima beans) in fields that have no history of this disease and are well-drained. Plant non-vining crops on raised beds, avoid planting in low areas where water puddles from, and improve drainage by sub-soiling after heavy rain events. Promptly disk under small areas where the disease appears along with a border of healthy appearing plants. Avoid working in wet fields and compacting the soil.

ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 45 & 40.
Bacillius subtilis strain QST 713 (Serenade ASO^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. See label for tank mixing precautions.
cyazofamid (Ranman 400SC): 2.75 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Mix with a surfactant for best results. Alternate with a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
dimethomorph (Forum): 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 40. Apply only in combination with a labeled rate of another non-Group 40 fungicide. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
ethaboxam (Elumin): 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 22; Soil or foliar applications. See label for restrictions
famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 to 10.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Suppression of foliar and fruit phase only. Tank mix with an appropriate contact fungicide from a different FRAC Group (e.g., copper or chlorothalonil).
fluopicolide (Presidio 4SC): 4 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 43. Must be tank mixed with another fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
fosetyl-Al (Aliette WDG): 2.0 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 12d, REI 24h, Group P07. Do not tank mix with copper compounds. Use the high rate when Phytophthora blight is active.
oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Opti A): 2.0 to 4.8 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4, Group 49. Apply as a soil or foliar application. Begin application at planting/transplanting for best results. See label.
oxathiapiprolin plus mandipropamid (Orondis Ultra): 5.5 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4, Group 49 & 40.
phosphorous acid (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P07. Do not apply to plants that are heat- or moisture-stressed. Copper phytotoxicity may occur if applied in alteration with copper.
Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A, foliar or ground application; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Groups P05. Apply to ensure thorough coverage.
zoxamide plus mancozeb (Gavel75DF): 1.5 to 2.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups 22 & M03. Do not tank-mix with another Group-M3 fungicide if the target pest is only Phytophthora blight. Tank-mix only if a partner is required to control other diseases, such as copper for bacterial disease.

Plectosporium Blight (Plectosporium tabacinum)

When Plectosporium blight occurs, rotate away from summer squash and pumpkins for 2 years. Choose sunny, well-drained sites for planting cucurbits. Scout for disease and apply fungicides when disease first occurs. Lesions of Plectosporium blight are most often observed on the stems of affected plants and can be small, irregularly shaped and often coalesce to form a scabby area. Fruit lesions can be confused with edema. Thorough fungicide coverage of foliage, vines, and fruit is necessary for good control. The strobilurin (QoI, FRAC Group 11) fungicides Flint (trifloxystrobin), Cabrio (pyraclostrobin), and Quadris (azoxystrobin) will control this disease but should not be rotated with each other or the pathogen will develop resistance. Apply a protectant fungicide such as chlorothalonil (Bravo) or mancozeb (Dithane) following a strobilurin.

azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole (Quadris Top): 12.0 to 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3. Do not rotate with another Group 11 fungicide.
difenoconazole plus benzovindiflupyr (Aprovia Top): 10.5 to 13.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7.
difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3 & 9. Apply in sufficient volume to achieve thorough coverage.
floxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Merivon): 4.0 to 5.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11. Make no more than 2 sequential applications before alternating with a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.
trifloxystrobin (Flint): 1.5 to 2.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.

Postharvest Fruit Rot (Various Fungi)

Fruit and stem rot that develops after harvest is generally due to infection that took place in the field. Postharvest rot can be reduced by applying fungicides during the growing season on a regular basis, as for control of black rot. Control weeds to allow better air circulation. Wounds to the fruit that occur during harvest can also result in postharvest rot. For maximum storage life, refer to Postharvest Handling and Storage in the Cultural Practices section.

Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera xanthii)

Fungicides should be applied at the first sign of disease (or earlier with some products). Begin scouting for powdery mildew at fruit initiation. On cucurbits, the disease has a white powdery appearance and infects both the top and bottom of the leaf, making it more difficult to control with non-systemic fungicides. However, powdery mildew fungi tend to become resistant to systemic fungicides such as Topsin-M (Group 1) and Cabrio, Flint Extra, Quadris, and Sovran (Group 11). Resistances to Group 1 and Group 11 fungicides have resulted in the removal of these classes of fungicides from recommendations, with the exception of Pristine which is a combination product. Resistance to the DMI fungicides (Rally, Procure - Group 3) is also widespread; use Rally or Procure at the high labeled rate only. The most effective contact fungicides are sulfur, mineral oil, and chlorothalonil. Begin applying fungicides when powdery mildew is at a low level (threshold is 1 of 50 old leaves with symptoms on either leaf surface) or on a preventative schedule for fields not scouted; do not begin using mobile fungicides when disease is widespread. A 7-day interval is recommended.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel 55^OG): 0.25 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM02. Suppression only. For improved control, mix or rotate with a chemical fungicide.
Bacillus mycoides Isolate J (BmJ WG^OG, AKA LifeGard^OG): 4.5 oz/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P06. See label for application methods.
chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 2 to 3 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05.
copper compound (Champ 2F): 1.33 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. REI for products ranges from 4 to 48 hr. Discontinue use if crop injury occurs.
copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Discontinue use if crop injury occurs. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
cyflufenamid (Torino): 3.4 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group U06.
cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to14.0 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12. Good coverage is essential for good disease control. Use a minimum of 10 gallons/A spray volume.
cymoxanil plus chlorothalonil (Ariston): 3.0 pt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 27 & M05.
difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3 & 9. Apply in sufficient volume to achieve thorough coverage.
flutriafol (Rhyme Fungicide): 5.0 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. See label for surfactant recommendations and restrictions.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
metrafenone (Vivando): 15.4 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 50. Must be applied before symptoms appear. For established infections, apply in a tank mix with a curative fungicide. Make no more than 3 applications per year. Do not apply more than twice before rotating to a fungicide from a different FRAC Group. Do not mix with horticultural oil.
monopotassium phosphate (Nutrol): 10.0 to 20.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. Apply 2-4 sprays beginning at fruit set. Use a maximum of 3 lb product/10 gal spray solution. See label for application methods and restrictions.
myclobutanil (Rally 40WS): 2.5 to 5.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group 3. Observe a 30-day plant back interval.
neem botanical oil (Trilogy^OG): 0.5 to 1% solution/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. See label for application method. Thorough coverage is essential.
parafinic (mineral oil) (JMS Stylet-Oil^OG): 3.0 to 6.0 qt/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. Spray for thorough coverage of upper leaf surface.
penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 12.0 to 16.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 7.
polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
potassium bicarbonate (Kaligreen^OG): 2.5 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group NC.
pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (Pristine): 12.5 to 18.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 7.
quinoxyfen (Quintec): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 13. Tank mix with a protectant fungicide. Alternate with a non-Group 13 fungicide. Not labeled for use on edible-peel cucurbits.
Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A, foliar or ground application; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Groups P05. Use preventatively, before any disease development. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. Recommended to mix with a mobile fungicide.
sulfur (Microthiol Disperss): 5.0 to 10.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group M02. Sulfur can injure plants, especially when temperatures reach 90° F. Do not apply to sulfur-sensitive varieties.
triflumizole (Procure 480SC): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. Use at the highest rate to prevent resistance development.

Scab (Cladosporium cucumerinum)

Scab is a significant problem for summer and winter squash, pumpkin, melon, and watermelon. Foliar symptoms include gray to brown lesions with a yellow halo. Fruit lesions first appear as small pockmarks, resembling insect damage.

Resistant cultivars of cucumber are widely available. Where scab has been a problem, plant in sunny locations where cool air does not tend to accumulate. The pathogen survives in the soil on infected crop debris, may be seedborne, and is capable of saprophytic growth. Rotate with non-cucurbit crops for 2-3 years. Select sites with well-drained soil and good air movement for rapid drying of foliage and fruit. Avoid overhead irrigation and dense plant canopies. Fungicide sprays may not be effective during extended cool, wet weather due to the short disease cycle of this pathogen.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05.
chlorothalonil plus potassium phosphite (Catamaran): 6.0 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12, Groups M05 & P07. Do not apply under drought conditions or conditions conducive to sunburn.
difenoconazole plus benzovindiflupyr (Aprovia Top): 10.5 to 13.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7.
mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.
polyoxin D zinc salt (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19. Mix in sufficient water to ensure thorough coverage. See label for water volumes.

Disease Control

Pumpkin, Squash, and Gourds Insect Control

Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds - General Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds Disease Control Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds Weed Control

NOTES: For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 27 and Insecticides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.

The symbol ^OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Caution: Insecticides should not be applied when bees are active in the field. Avoid products with high or moderate bee toxicity during bloom. If application of an insecticide is necessary while the crop is blooming, select products with low bee toxicity or with short residual period and/or apply in the evening after the bees have left the field. See Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators or more suggestions on how to avoid harmful effects on pollinators.

Aphids, Green Peach (Myzus persicae) and Melon (Aphis gossypii)

Aphids found in cucurbits include green peach aphid and melon aphid. For more information, see the green peach aphid in the insect control section of Pepper and the melon aphid in the insect control section of Cucumber.

Scout weekly for aphids by inspecting the underside of 5 fully grown leaves at each of 10 sites per field. Note what proportion of leaves have 5 or more aphids and treat if 20% of leaves have 5 or more aphids per leaf and the population is increasing. Pumpkin, gourd, and squash varieties differ in attractiveness to aphids. Spot treatment of susceptible varieties may be appropriate. Use selective products to conserve beneficials that suppress aphids. During bloom, avoid products that are toxic to bees, or treat in the evening after bees stop foraging.

acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 2.5 to 4 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A.
afidopyropen (Sefina): 3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9D.
azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.6 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. For best performance, use with an effective adjuvant.
cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A melon aphid and 10 to 13.5 oz/A green peach aphid at planting, 6.75 to 10 oz/A melon aphid and 10 oz/A green peach aphid chemigation; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting or drip chemigation during the first half of the crop growing cycle.
cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For best results, use with an effective adjuvant. Use the high labeled rate for best performance. Melon aphid only.
dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 3.5 to 7 oz/100 gal, 7 to 14 oz/A, 0.16 to 0.32 oz/sq ft.; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Squash transplants only, while in greenhouse. Not for use on field or greenhouse grown crops.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 dry oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 dry oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, as a transplant or post-seeding drench, as a sidedress, or through drip. Do not apply to vegetables grown for seed. Suppression only.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. May be combined with Belay (see label for rates and increased PHI). Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging.
flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9C.
flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 12 oz/A foliar, 21 to 28 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group 4D.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 7 to 10.5 oz/A soil; 0.44 fl oz/10,000 plants on seedling transplants in greenhouse; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Planthouse applications only provide short-term protection. An additional field application must be made within 2 weeks following transplanting to provide continuous protection. Not for foliar applications.
insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May require repeated applications. Apply with a labeled companion insecticide on green peach aphids. On other aphids, use of a companion insecticide is recommended for enhanced and residual control.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
malathion (Malathion 57EC): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h winter squash and pumpkin, 24h summer squash, Bee: H, Group 1B.
methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d for 1.5 pt/A, PHI 3d for over 1.5 pt/A, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Summer squash and other "soft" squash that is harvested and consumed when immature only. Melon aphid only.
oxamyl (Vydate* L): 2 to 4 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.
petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.
pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9A. Selective control of aphids including melon and green peach aphid. Translaminar. Apply before populations build up.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 15.61 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 100 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur, or oils.
thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations.
tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A.

Cucumber Beetle, Striped (Acalymma vittatum) and Spotted (Diabrotica undecimpunctata)

See the insect section of Cucumber, Muskmelon, and Watermelon for more information on cucumber beetle life cycle and cultural management. In pumpkin and squash, manage striped cucumber beetle to prevent losses from direct feeding damage as well as from bacterial wilt vectored by beetle feeding. The most susceptible period is from crop emergence to the 5-true-leaf stage. Scout at least 25 plants to monitor the number of beetles and damage. An action threshold of 1-2 beetles per plant is recommended; use the higher threshold for crops with vigorous early growth and lower susceptibility to wilt, such as butternut and pumpkin, and the lower threshold for summer squash. At later growth stages, the crop should be treated if there is significant damage to fruit. Fruit feeding by adult beetles may occur late in the season, especially on pumpkin. Where possible, avoid insecticide applications during flowering to protect bees; if sprays are needed, treat after dark when bees are no longer foraging and use products that have low impact on bees. If multiple treatments are needed, rotate to a product with a different mode of action.

Perimeter trap cropping has been shown to reduce or eliminate main crop sprays while providing effective control of beetles. Plant 1 or 2 rows of Blue Hubbard, buttercup squash, or another Cucurbita maxima variety in an unbroken perimeter around the field. Always use 2 rows near woods or last year's fields, and space plants no wider than the between-row spacing that is used in the main crop. These perimeter crops will concentrate incoming beetles in the border because they are generally more attractive to beetles than winter squash, summer squash, and pumpkin, which are C. moschata or C. pepo types. Note that some specialty pumpkin varieties are C. maxima types and very attractive to beetles. Do not use a crop that is highly susceptible to bacterial wilt in the border. Beetles should be killed in the border, either by applying foliar insecticide when beetles first arrive or using a systemic insecticide at planting. Scout both borders and main crop to assess beetle numbers. Repeat perimeter sprays if needed to prevent influx into the main crop, and spray the main field if thresholds are exceeded. Attractive crop types that are planted in rows within the main field also work as trap crops that draw beetles as they move around within the field. These trap crops can be selectively sprayed.

acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 2.5 to 5.3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4.
beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 2.4 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.6 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 qt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Do not apply when foliage is wet. Do not apply to crops or weeds in bloom.
cryolite (Prokil Cryolite): 8 to 16 lb/A; PHI 7d summer squash, 14d pumpkins and winter squash, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group UN.
cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. Striped cucumbe beetle only.
deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A foliar; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Do not apply to vegetables grown for seed.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adults only.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. May be combined with Belay (see label for rates and increased PHI). Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee:H, Group 3A. Adults only.
imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 7 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil applications only.
kaolin (Surround WP^OG): 25 to 50 lb/A or 0.125 to 0.5 lb/gal for backpack sprayer; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Suppression and repellence only. May be applied to transplants prior to setting in field. Use on seedlings and young plants. Product residue may need to be washed off if applied after fruit set. White residue may be minimized if applications stop when fruit is 25% of its expected harvest size. Follow label instructions for mixing. Generally compatible as a tank mix with other insecticides.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adults only.
methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d for 1.5 pt/A, PHI 3d for over 1.5 pt/A, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Summer squash and other "soft" squash that is harvested and consumed when immature only. Melon aphid only.
permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adults only.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 15.61 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment. Suppression only.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.8 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adults only.

Cutworms

Cutworms are caterpillars that hide under the soil surface adjacent to the plant stem during the day and feed after dark. Larvae may occasionally cut stems of seedlings. Spot spray heavily damaged sections of the field. For best results, make application between midnight and dawn while cutworms are feeding aboveground. For more information see black and variegated cutworms in insect control sections of Pepper and Tomato (Outdoor).

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested. Apply in evening before larvae are actively feeding and direct sprays to base of stem.
beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.6 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Seedling spray only.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
spinosad (Seduce^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A or 0.5 to1 lb/1000 sq ft.; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Spread bait on soil around plants.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 1.28 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Seedcorn Maggot (Delia platura)

For more information, see seedcorn maggot in the insect control section of Bean.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 10 to 13.5 oz/A soil; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. Apply as in-furrow spray or transplant tray drench no earlier than 72 hours prior to planting in field, or as transplant water treatment, hill drench, or surface band.

Slugs

For more information see slugs in the insect control section of Cabbage.

iron phosphate (Sluggo: Snail and Slug BaitOG): 20 to 44 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Apply around perimeter, scatter around base of plants, or band down rows. Apply to moist soil in the evening.

Squash Beetle (Epilachna borealis)

Squash beetle is a minor pest of cucurbits, and is generally limited to southern New England. Like its close relative the Mexican bean beetle, it is a leaf-eating member of the ladybeetle family. Adults overwinter in field edges. They have the typical ladybeetle shape and are 8-10 mm long, red-orange, with 12 black spots on their wing covers (elytra) and 6 on the thorax. The yellow egg clusters and yellow larvae covered with dark spines may be found on all cucurbit crops, in wild cucurbit weeds, and occasionally on lima bean, cowpea pods, or corn silk. Pupation takes place on the underside of the leaf or in nearby weeds. Feeding by adults and larvae creates round scars in leaves, leaving lacy veins intact. Adults can also produce spiral scars on the fruit which may render them unmarketable. The first generation eggs are plentiful in June, and the life cycle is completed in about 4-5 weeks. There is 1 generation per year in New England but 2 farther south. They are not strong fliers, so crop rotation to distant fields helps to limit colonization and populations. However, when production space is limited, they can build up until they become an economic pest. Tilling in early summer squash and cucumber fields after harvest in July, when the beetles are still in the larval stage, will help limit populations. Row covers can exclude the beetles. In addition to those listed below, several common insecticides that are labeled for other pests of cucurbits will control squash beetle including spinosad, spinetoram, and pyrethrin.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Beetle larvae only.

Squash Vine Borer (Melittia cucurbitae)

Squash vine borers (SVB) are day-flying moths, with bright orange markings on their backs and legs. They resemble wasps. Most eggs are laid on the stem within a foot of the soil. Hatching larvae tunnel into the stem and cause wilting, reduce squash yields or even sever the stem from the roots. In rare cases when populations are very high, larvae may bore into fruit. The large cream-colored larvae are 1-1.5" long and 3/8" wide. The pupae survive the winter 1-2" deep in the soil. Spring or fall plowing buries pupae deep in the soil and reduces populations. Preferred hosts have thick stems, while thin-stemmed squash tend to be more resistant to attack. Yields of summer squash can be reduced by 33% if infestations exceed 5 larvae per plant. Pumpkins can sustain high infestations without yield reductions. Butternut squash are resistant to SVB. Monitor with a Scentry Heliothis pheromone trap from early June through early August. Make 2-4 weekly applications if more than 5 moths per week are captured. Timing is very important. Treat base of stems thoroughly to target hatching larvae. Some selective materials used for other caterpillars in squash, such as spinosyns and Bacillus thuringiensis aizawi, have demonstrated efficacy in trials.

acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 5.3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A.
azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake. Use against young larvae before boring or tunneling in the plant.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.6 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.8 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Squash Bug (Anasa tristis)

Squash bug adults are grayish-brown, hard, flat-backed insects, 0.5-0.75" long, with long legs and antennae. Adults often hide around the base of the plant or under plastic mulch and are hard to target with sprays. Eggs are shiny, smooth, reddish-brown and seed-shaped and are usually deposited on the leaves in an organized, neatly-spaced pattern, in groups of 10-20. The soft-bodied nymphs are grey with dark-brown or black heads, antennae, and legs. Adults survive the winter in sheltered sites along field margins or under plant debris within fields. Both adults and nymphs have needle-like mouthparts that they use to extract plant juices. The plant vascular system may become clogged as a result of the feeding damage, causing the plant to wilt, darken, and die—a disorder called Anasa wilt. They may also spread cucurbit yellow vine decline, a common Southwestern bacterial disease that has been found in a few isolated places in CT and MA.

Among cucurbits, the crops that are most susceptible and attractive to squash bug are yellow summer squash, zucchini, Hubbard squash, and pumpkin, especially thick-stemmed types. Watermelon, cucumber, muskmelon and butternut resist damage and also provide poor food quality for adult and nymph survival. Squash bugs are greatly reduced by crop rotation at least 1/4 mile from previous cucurbit crops. Clean cultivation also reduces the attractiveness of the crop, while use of mulches and reduced-tillage favors squash bug survival. Keep headlands mowed and free of trash to reduce overwintering sites. Systemic furrow, drip, or seed treatments and sprays for cucumber beetle (including bifenthrin) at the seedling stage often control colonizing squash bug adults. Placing row covers at seeding or transplanting prevents access by squash bug until blooming, when covers need to be removed.

Scout undersides of leaves for squash bug adults and eggs and treat if egg masses exceed 1 per plant. Time squash bug sprays to kill young nymphs which are easiest to control. Thorough coverage is necessary. As this often coincides with the bloom period, treat late in the day to reduce risk to bees and select products with lower bee toxicity.

acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 5.3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A. Most effective on newly laid eggs and nymphs.
alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* CS): 3.0 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake. Foliar application for squash bug nymphs only.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.6 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 qt/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Do not apply when foliage is wet. Apply sufficient spray volume for thorough coverage. Time sprays for early morning or late afternoon. Repeated application may cause plant injury.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 dry oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 dry oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Do not apply to vegetables grown for seed.
esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3. May be combined with Belay (see label for rates and increased PHI). Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging.
flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 10.5 to 14 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D. Foliar applications only.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee:H, Group 3A.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 12.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0OG): 4.5 to 15.61 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.8 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae)

For more information on biology and management, see two-spotted spider mite in the Eggplant insect control section.

abamectin (Agri-Mek* SC): 1.75 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Must be mixed with a non-ionic wetting, spreading, and/or penetrating spray adjuvant. Do not use binder or sticker type adjuvant.
bifenazate (Acramite 50WS): 0.75 to 1 lb/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25.
bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 5.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3. Control may be improved with addition of a non-ionic surfactant.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.
insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May require repeated applications. Use of a companion insecticide is recommended for enhanced and residual control.
Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 (Met 52 EC): 40 to 80 oz/100 gal (drench), 8 to 64 oz/A (foliar); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN.
neem oil (Trilogy^OG): 1 to 2% solution in 25 to 100 gal water/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 18. Avoid midday applications and ensure good coverage.
petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur, or oils.
spiromesifen (Oberon 2SC): 7 to 8.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 23. Complete coverage is necessary. An adjuvant may be used to improve coverage and control. Effective against egg and immature stages.

Whiteflies

For more information, see whiteflies in the Tomato, Outdoor insect control section.

acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 2.5 to 5.3 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A. Most effective on newly laid eggs and nymphs.
afidopyropen (Sefina): 14 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9D.
beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.
Chenopodium extract (Requiem EC): 2 to 4 qts/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. Apply before pests reach damaging levels.
Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. For best performance, use with an effective adjuvant.
cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A at planting, 10 oz/A chemigation; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting, or drip chemigation during first half of crop growing cycle. Allow 1-3 days for control to be translocated into the aerial portions and to fully protect transplants following an at-plant application. Allow 2-5 days for control to fully protect the plants following a drip application.
dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 3.5 to 7 oz/100 gal, 7 to 14 oz/A, 0.16 to 0.32 oz/sq ft.; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Squash transplants only, while in greenhouse. Not for use on field or greenhouse grown crops.
dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 dry oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 dry oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Do not apply to vegetables grown for seed.
flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9C. Suppression only.
flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 10.5 to 14 oz/A; PHI 1d foliar, PHI 21d soil, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D. Foliar applications only.
gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.
imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 7 to 10.5 oz/A soil; 0.44 fl oz/10,000 plants on seedling transplants in greenhouse; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Planthouse applications only provide short-term protection. An additional field application must be made within 2 weeks following transplanting to provide continuous protection. Not for foliar applications.
insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May require repeated applications. Use of a companion insecticide is recommended for enhanced and residual control.
Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 (Met 52 EC): 40 to 80 oz/100 gal (drench), 8 to 64 oz/A (foliar); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN.
petroleum oil (Suffoil X): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.
pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 15.61 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
pyriproxyfen (Knack): 8 to 10 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 7. Does not control adults. Apply when whiteflies reach economic threshold. Higher water volumes provide improved control.
sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur, or oils.
spiromesifen (Oberon 2SC): 7 to 8.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 23. Complete coverage is necessary; an adjuvant may be used to improve coverage and control. Effective against egg and nymphal stages.
thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment.

Insect Control

Pumpkin Squash and Gourds Weed Control

Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds - General Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds Disease Control Pumpkin, Squash & Gourds Insect Control

NOTES: For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using.

No-Till

Based on work done in New York State, it may be possible to achieve good weed suppression by allowing winter rye to grow to 30", killing it with glyphosate (Roundup), and then seeding pumpkins or squash with a no-till planter. Remember that if weed suppression is not adequate, cultivation will be very difficult in the rye stubble. Any of the herbicides registered for postemergence control can be used in no-till pumpkins to control weeds not suppressed by the killed cover crop.

Stale Seedbed

Prepare field 10-14 days prior to planting. Allow weeds to germinate. After seeding, but prior to crop emergence, then apply herbicides or flaming. See Stale Seedbed Technique for information on the use of these herbicides or flaming.

carfentrazone (Aim EC): PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 14.
glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): PHI 14d, REI 4h, Group 9.
paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): REI 12h or 24h, Group 22. *Restricted use: Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training every 3 years: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training-certified-applicators.
pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 0.

Preemergent Herbicides (before weeds germinate)

bensulide (Prefar 4E): REI 12h, Group 0. Summer and winter squash only. Apply 5-6 qt/A per application, only 1 application per year. Can be applied to flat-bedded or bedded crops. Incorporate 1-2” into the soil with shallow cultivation or with water through irrigation or rainfall within 36 hours of application.
clomazone (Command 3ME): REI 12h, Group 13. Apply 10.7-32 fl oz/A per application, only 1 application per year. Can be applied to the soil surface before seeding or transplanting, but be sure to place roots of transplants or seeds below chemical barrier when planting. Apply in a minimum of 10 gal/A of spray. Use the lower rate on sandy soils and the higher rate on silt and clay soils. Has not been tested on all varieties; crop tolerance should be verified before treating the entire field. Do not apply to soil that will be covered with plastic, or on certain pumpkin cultivars, including Jack-o-lantern pumpkins, which will develop unacceptable fruit whitening.
ethalfluralin (Curbit EC): REI 24h, Group 3. Apply 3-4.5 pt/A per application, only 1 application per year. Can be applied after planting but before crop emergence, no later than 2 days after seeding. Can also apply as a banded spray between rows after crop emergence or transplanting. Activate with 0.5” of irrigation within 2 days of application or 0.5” of rainfall within 5 days of application. If no rainfall occurs a shallow cultivation may activate but a deep incorporation or excessive water may cause crop loss. Rate based on soil texture. Use during cold, wet weather can result in crop injury or stunting. Has not been tested on all varieties; crop tolerance should be verified before treating the entire field.
s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum): PHI 30d, REI 12h, Group 15. Pumpkins only. Apply 1-1.33 pt/A per application, only 1 application per year. Apply as an inter-row or inter-hill application in pumpkin. Leave 1’ of untreated area over the row or 6” to each side of the planted hill (do not apply directly over the planted pumpkin seed or young pumpkin plants). Indemnified label for pumpkin available in MA, ME, and NH only and for winter squash available in MA, CT, and NH only. Make sure the label for your state is available for download before using this product. This is a restricted label available only to growers who apply through the website www.syngenta-us.com/labels/indemnified-label-login and agree to a waiver of liability. Main target weeds for this registration are galinsoga and yellow nutsedge.

Pre- and Postemergent Herbicides

halosulfuron (Sandea): PHI 30d, REI 12h, Group 2. Apply 0.5-0.75 oz/A per application, up to 2 applications allowed per year. Do not exceed 2 oz/A per year. Use lower rate on sandy soils and higher rate on silt and clay soils. Can be applied after planting seeds but prior to soil cracking, or before transplanting crop. Transplant into treated area no sooner than 7 days after application and take care to limit movement of treated soil. Can also be applied over-the-top, directed, or with crop shields, after the crop has 2-5 true leaves (preferably 4-5) but before the 1st female flowers appear. Do not apply sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Can also apply to row middles before or after crop and weeds have germinated. Apply in a minimum of 15 gal/A of spray and settle soil after planting and prior to application with 0.5-0.75” of water through irrigation or rainfall.

Postemergent Herbicides (after weeds germinate)

carfentrazone (Aim EC): PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 14. Apply 0.5-2 oz/A per application. Do not exceed 6.1 oz/A per season. Can be applied as a preplant burndown no later than 7 days before seeding or immediately before transplanting crop. Can also be applied to row middles of emerged crops with hooded sprayers to control emerged weeds, including crops grown on mulch or plastic. Prevent any spray from contacting the crop, or injury will occur. For best results, make application to actively growing weeds up to 4” tall and rosettes less than 3” across.
clethodim (Select Max): PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 1. Apply 9-16 oz/A per application, up to 4 applications allowed per year, a minimum of 14 days apart. Do not exceed 64 oz/A per year. Apply to actively growing grasses. Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt/100 gal of spray). Can also be applied as a spot-spray by mixing 0.33-0.66% (0.44-0.85 oz/gal) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz/gal). Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.
glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): PHI 14d, REI 4h, Group 9. Apply 10 oz to 3.1 qts/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year. Do not exceed 5 qts/A per year. Rate based on target weed species. Can be applied during fallow intervals, prior to planting or transplanting, at planting, or before crop has emerged. Allow a minimum of 3 days between application and seeding and do not apply after seeding. Could cause injury when applied prior to transplanting or direct-seeding into plastic mulch. Remove residual product from plastic mulch with a 0.5” of water through irrigation or rainfall prior to planting.
paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): REI 12h or 24h, Group 22. Apply 1.3-2.7 pts/A per application, up to 3 applications allowed per year, a minimum of 14 days apart. Do not exceed 6.6 pts/A per year. Can be applied before, during, or after planting but before emergence. Can also be applied after the crop has emerged with a directed spray. Apply in a minimum of 10 gal/A of spray. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. *Restricted use: Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training every 3 years: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training-certified-applicators.
pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 0. Apply a 3-10% solution (3-10 gal/100 gal of spray). Apply in 75-200 gal/A of spray. Can use preplant, or as a directed and shielded spray during crop growth. Avoid contact with foliage or crop damage may occur. Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.
sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 20d, REI 12h, Group 1. Apply up to 1.5 pt/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year, a minimum of 14 days apart. Do not exceed 3 pts/A per year. Apply to actively growing grasses. Use with crop oil concentrate (2 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A). Crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions. Can also be applied as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3-1.9 oz/gal) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz/gal). Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

Weed Control