Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole

Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole ashahane
Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Disease Control Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Insect Control Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Physiological Disorders Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Weed Control

Introduction

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), endive (Cichorium spp.), and escarole (Cichorium endivia) are members of the Asteraceae family, and all originated in the Mediterranean region. Their closest crop relatives are artichokes, chicories, and sunflowers. 

Lettuce grows best at cool temperatures, making spring and fall the major production seasons in New England. While endive and escarole are also cool-season crops, they are more tolerant of high temperatures than lettuce and therefore make a good substitute for lettuce during the warmer mid-summer weather. 

Types and Varieties

There are five common types of lettuce. Crisphead, or iceberg, is commonly found in produce markets. The leaves are thin and crisp, often with curled or serrated edges, and the head should be firm. Butterhead, or bibb, lettuce has a loose-leafed head with green or red outer leaves and cream or yellow inner leaves. Butterhead leaves are delicate and require careful handling as it bruises and tears easily. For this reason, it is best suited to local market sales. Cos, or romaine, is an upright plant with smooth outer leaves and whitish green inner leaves that have prominent midveins. Some think the leaves are crisper than other heading types. The fourth general type is variously called leaf lettuce, loose leaf, or loose head. Lettuce of this type does not form a head and the leaves may be serrated, deeply lobed, or crinkled. Leaf lettuce color varies from light green to red to green with red speckles, adding attractive color to salad mixes. The fifth type is “one-cut” lettuce. Several different proprietary lines of one-cut lettuces are sold through various seed distributors. This lettuce type has a high leaf count and narrow leaf attachment that enable both whole head harvesting (by cutting at the base) or loose-leaf (by cutting just above the base, sometimes for multiple harvests). These varieties tend to be miniature so that loose leaf cuttings integrate well into salad mixes and are suitable for dense plantings. Unlike most leaf lettuces, one-cut lettuces are usually transplanted, to allow for quicker bed turnover. One-cut lettuces can have variable leaf shapes (smooth, lobed, serrated), colors (green, red) and textures (tender/butter-like, crisp/romaine-like).

Endive encompasses many diverse types. Escarole and frisée are types of endive that form loose and leafy heads. Radicchio and Belgian endive are forms of chicory that form generally small, tight heads. Radicchio has many types unto itself with a wide array of leaf sizes, shapes, and colors. Italian (or "culinary") dandelion is also a member of Cichorium intybus which forms long leaves that are usually bunched. While these crops are mostly grown like lettuce, Belgian endive must be forced and is therefore grown in two stages. During spring/summer, the seedlings produce large dandelion-like leaves and a large taproot, similar to carrot. In the fall, the taproots are dug, and potted and placed in the dark. The new growth from the roots produces small, dense, and blanched heads called chicons. Because of the labor involved and the specificity of the product, Belgian endive is typically sold to fine dining markets.

Type Varieties
Lettuce - Butterhead

Adriana - DM, LMV

Buttercrunch

Cegolaine (mini) - DM, LMV, NR

Harmony - DM, TB

Milagro - DM, LMV, NR

Nancy - LMV

Newham (red mini) - DM, LMV, TB

Panisse - DM, LMV, NR

Rhapsody (mini) - DM, LMV, TB

Skyphos (red) - DM, LMV, NR
Lettuce - Cos/Romaine

Bluerock - DM, NR, TB

Breen (red mini) - DM

Chalupa

Coastal Star

Dragoon (mini) - DM, LMV, NR

Green Forest

Sparx - DM

Sunland

Tendita (mini) - DM, LMV

Thurinus (red) - DM, LMV, NR
Lettuce - Crisphead

AC Estival - TB

Crispino

Meridian - DM
Lettuce - Leaf

Bergam;s Green - DM, NR, TB

Muir - DM, NR, TB

New Red Fire (red)

Starfighter - DM, NR, TB

Tropicana

Two Star
Lettuce - One-cut

Eazyleaf series - DM, NR

Intercut - DM, LMV, NR

Prismatic mix - DM, LMV, NR

Salanova series - DM, NR
Belgian Endive Bingo
Dandelion

Catalogna Special

Clio

Punto
Escarole

Eliance

Eros

Full Heart 65
Frisée

Benefine - TB

Curlesi

Rhodos - TB
Radicchio

Bel Fiore (speckled lusia)

Fiero (red treviso)

Galileo (speckled chioggia)

Indigo (red treviso)

Leonardo (red chioggia)

Nettuno (sugarloaf) - TB

Perseo (red chioggia)

Rosalba (pink treviso)

Sile Precoce (red tardivo, needs forcing)

Verosa (pink verona)

Virtus (sugarloaf)
Resistant or tolerant to: DM: Downy mildew; LMV: Lettuce mosaic virus; NR: Lettuce aphid; TB: Tipburn

Soil Fertility

In general, lettuce, endive, and escarole require the same fertility. Apply lime according to soil test results to maintain soil pH at 6.5-6.8 and maintain soil calcium levels. Low soil calcium levels may increase the incidence of tip burn, a disorder that causes the margins of leaves to turn black and decay. It is of particular concern with iceberg and romaine types where tipburn on internal leaves may not be immediately obvious. Over-application of nitrogen on fertile soil can result in very rapid growth which can also trigger tipburn. Banding preplant fertilizer at planting is preferable, but if not possible, then broadcast and incorporate the initial application. Less nitrogen fertilizer will be needed if legume sod was plowed down or if manure was applied (see Table 1 and Table 7).

Plant Nutrient Recommendations According to Soil Test Results for Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole

SOIL TEST RESULTS NITROGEN (N) - LBS PER ACRE PHOSPHORUS (P) -
LBS P2O5 PER ACRE		  POTASSIUM (K) -
LBS K2O PER ACRE
VERY LOW LOW OPTIMUM ABOVE OPTIMUM VERY LOW LOW OPTIMUM ABOVE OPTIMUM
Broadcast and incorporate 50-75 180 120 30-60 0-30 180 120 30-60 0
Sidedress 3-4 weeks after planting 30-50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL RECOMMENDED 80-125 180 120 30-60 0-30 180 120 30-60 0

Planting

Lettuce, endive, and escarole generally have the same spacing and seeding requirements. Final spacing on crisphead lettuce, endive, and escarole should be 12-18" between plants (67-100 plants per 100 feet of row) and 12-24" between rows. Other types of lettuce can be 10-16" apart (75-120 plants per 100 feet of row) in 10-18" rows. Spacings should allow good air movement around the plants to minimize disease development. Miniature types can be grown more densely. Many growers plant lettuce, endive, and escarole on 4' wide, 4" high raised beds with 3-4 rows per bed. Crop rotation within and between seasons is recommended for disease management. For direct seeding, 10-18 oz of seed are needed per acre (0.0625-0.125 oz per 100 feet of row).

Lettuce will germinate at soil temperatures of 32ºF, but the optimum and maximum soil temperature is 75ºF. Temperatures above 80ºF will inhibit seed germination and cause bolting in lettuce. Temperatures below 70ºF will promote bolting in endive and escarole. Lettuce seed requires light to germinate and should therefore be seeded shallowly. 

For once-over harvesting, uniformity at harvest is essential. Producers for direct retail markets and CSA might prefer variable maturity. Precision seeding with modern planters and coated/pelleted seed can enhance uniformity. Irrigation immediately after direct-seeding also promotes uniform emergence.

Since lettuce matures quickly (40-50 days), and temperature affects days to harvest, plant several successions for consistent production into the summer. 

Lettuce is often started from transplants, which can be planted mid-April to early August for field production, or in an extended season in high tunnels. Some growers use floating row covers over beds with early transplants for earlier crops. Hardened transplants should be set out when they are 3-4 weeks old. Hardening is accomplished by withholding water and gradually reducing temperatures for 10 days before the planned transplant date. Use of a liquid starter fertilizer at transplanting time can reduce shock and provide immediately available nitrogen and phosphorus in cold soil. Use a dilute solution to avoid injury to roots. In hot summer conditions, starting transplants in the greenhouse or shade house provides better germination than in the field.

Field Culture 

Hot temperatures cause lettuces and endives to develop a bitter flavor and promote bolting. White-on-black plastic mulch (white above, black below) can be used to cool soil temperatures and reduce these problems. Shade cloth can also be used to reduce heat stress. Choose heat-tolerant varieties for mid-season production. 

Harvest and Storage 

Head lettuces should be harvested when heads are well-formed and solid by cutting at the base. A few wrapper leaves should be left on each head for protection during packing. Leaf lettuces can be harvested by hand or mechanically; a single crop can be harvested multiple times.

Food safety issues from microbial contamination are often linked to leafy greens that are eaten raw. It is important to follow some basic practices that are in accord with the guidance outlined in the Food Safety section of this guide.

Lettuce, escarole, and endive are fragile and highly perishable. Heading lettuces, endive, and escarole are more easily stored than leaf lettuces. Cool to 32-34ºF as quickly as possible after harvest and store at 98-100% relative humidity. Temperatures below freezing will damage crops.

Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole Disease Control

Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole Disease Control ashahane
Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole - General Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Insect Control Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Physiological Disorders Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Weed Control

NOTES: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation are provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 26 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more detail.

Aster Yellows

Do not plant lettuce or other sensitive crops in fields or areas having a history of this disease. Control weeds in the Asteraceae family. Control leafhoppers, which carry the disease-causing organism (phytoplasma). See more information in the Carrot and Parsnip section.

Bottom Rot (Rhizoctonia solani)

Rotate crops with unrelated non-host plants. Do not plant in fields with undecomposed crop residues. Plant in well-drained sites and avoid overhead irrigation. Cultivars with upright growth habits are less susceptible.

  • azoxystrobin (Quadris F): 0.40 to 0.80 fl oz/1000 row feet; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. See label for tank mixing restrictions.
  • Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel 55OG): 0.125 to 1.0 lb/A as a soil drench; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM02.
  • boscalid (Endura): 8.0 to 11.0 oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 7. Suppression only.
  • iprodione (Rovral 4 F): 1.5 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 2. Lettuce only. Direct application to soil and plant base. Do not cultivate after application.
  • polyoxin D zinc salt (VEGGIETURBO 5% SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
  • Trichoderma asperellum (ICC 012) plus T. gamsii (ICC 080) (Bio-Tam 2.0OG): See label for in-furrow, drench, and broadcast rates; REI 4h, Group BM02. See label for application instructions.

Downy Mildew (Bremia lactucae)

Lettuce downy mildew is favored by cool, rainy weather. Night temperatures of 43°F to 50°F and day temperatures of 55-70°F with 100% humidity are ideal for disease development. As temperatures increase, the disease disappears. Plant resistant cultivars. Use irrigation practices that reduce leaf wetness and humidity. Protect greenhouse grown transplants with fungicides to prevent the disease from being introduced to the field.

  • acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard 50 WG): 0.75 to 1.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group P01. Apply preventively on a 7-10 day schedule. See label for crop injury warnings and restrictions.
  • ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 45 & 40.
  • azoxystrobin (Quadris F): 12.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Proceed with caution with regard to tank mixes and adjuvants. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.
  • copper oxychloride plus copper hydroxide (Badge X2OG): 0.75 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Rate and REI vary with product.
  • copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.75 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette. Injury may occur to sensitive lettuce cultivars.
  • cyazofamid (Ranman 400SC): 2.75 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Should be tank mixed with a surfactant. See label for restrictions.
  • cymoxanil (Curzate 60 DF): 3.2 to 5.0 oz/A; PHI 3d (head), 1d (leafy), REI 12h, Group 27. Lettuce only. Must be applied as tank mix with a protectant fungicide.
  • dimethomorph (Forum): 6 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 40. Must be applied as tank mix with another fungicide from a different FRAC Group. Not labeled for use in ME.
  • famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Tank mix with appropriate contact fungicide from a different FRAC Group. Do not make more than 1 application before alternating to a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
  • fenamidone (Reason 500 SC): 5.5 to 8.2 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide from a different FRAC Group. Do not alternate with Quadris.
  • fluopicolide (Presidio): 3.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 43. Must be tank mixed with a fungicide from a different FRAC Group.
  • fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Merivon Xemium): 8.0 to 11.0 fl oz/A. PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11.
  • mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.2 to 1.6 qt/A; PHI 10d (head), 14d (leaf), REI 24h, Group M03. Lettuce only. See label for application restrictions. 
  • mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 1.0 to 2.0 lb/A; PHI 10d, REI 48 h, Groups M03 & M01. May cause injury to some varieties of lettuce. See label for restrictions.
  • mandipropamid (Revus): 8 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group 40. Addition of a spreading/penetrating adjuvant is recommended.
  • oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Gold 200): 4.8 to 9.6 fl.oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 49. Begin foliar application prior to disease development.
  • propamocarb hydrochloride (Previcur Flex): 2.0 pt/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 28.
  • pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11.
  • Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108 (Actinovate AGOG): 3.0 to 12.0 oz/A (soil); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Apply to soil. See label for instructions. 

Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea)

Avoid close planting and orient rows in the direction of prevailing winds. Do not plant in poorly drained areas. Utilize raised beds when available. Minimize damage to lettuce incurred through cultural practices (e.g., scouting, weeding, etc.) or by other pathogens and pests. Avoid overhead irrigation. Do not plant where excessive plant residues are present. Transplanting mature plants results in more breakage. Romaine types are especially susceptible.

  • boscalid (Endura): 8.0 to 11.0 oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 7. Apply at seeding or transplant. A protective fungicide barrier is needed to maximize control.
  • cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12. 
  • Laminarin (Vacciplant): 14.0 to 22.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P04. For preventive use. See label for restrictions. 
  • penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 14.0 to 24.0 fl oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 7.
  • polyoxin D zinc salt (VEGGIETURBO 5% SC): 3.75 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
  • Ulocladium oudemansii U3 strain (BotryStop WPOG): 2 to 4 lbs/A; REI 4h, Group NC. Begin application when conditions are conducive to disease development.

Lettuce Drop, White Mold (Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum)

Do not plant seed contaminated with sclerotia (small black hardened fungal survival structures). Avoid planting into severely infested fields. Rotate with unrelated, non-host plants like grasses. Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization and irrigate in the morning or with sub-surface drip irrigation to provide dry soil. Deep plow after harvest to bury sclerotia. Soil sterilization with chemicals, steam, or heat (solarization) treatments can significantly reduce inoculum levels. Biofumigation with mustard crop may provide a suppressive effect.

  • Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 (MinuetOG): 12.0 to 24.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. 
  • boscalid (Endura): 8.0 to 11.0 oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 7. Apply at seeding or transplant. A protective fungicide barrier is needed to maximize control.
  • Coniothyrium minitans strain CON/M/91-08 (Contans WGOG): 1.0 to 4.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. Spray on the soil surface and incorporate into the top 2" of soil. Fall application is best or 3-4 months before planting to allow for the biocontrol agent to infect the sclerotia of Sclerotinia. See label for application restrictions. May be used in greenhouse or covered structures.
  • cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12. Apply once at thinning and again 2 weeks later.
  • fludioxonil (Cannonball WG): 7.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 12. Not labeled for use in Maine.
  • fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Merivon Xemium): 8.0 to 11.0 fl oz/A. PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11.
  • iprodione (Rovral 4F): 1.5 to 2 pts/A; PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 2. Lettuce only. Direct application to lower stems and branches and adjacent soil surface. Do not cultivate after application.
  • penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 16.0 to 24.0 fl oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 7.
  • polyoxin D zinc salt (VEGGIETURBO/OSO 5% SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.
  • Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108 (Actinovate AGOG): 3.0 to 12.0 oz/A (soil); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Apply to soil. See label for instructions. 
  • Trichoderma asperellum (ICC 012) plus T. gamsii (Bio-Tam 2.0OG): See label for in-furrow, drench, and broadcast rates; REI 4h, Group NC.
  • Ulocladium oudemansii U3 strain (BotryStop WPOG): 2.0-4.0 lbs/A; REI 4h, Group NC. Begin application when conditions are conducive to disease development.

Lettuce Mosaic Virus and Cucumber Mosaic Virus

Certified LMV- and CMV-free seed available. Plant certified disease-free seed away from old lettuce fields.

Powdery Mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum)

Lettuce powdery mildew is favored by warm weather and dry to mildly humid conditions. Unlike many other pathogens, growth of powdery mildew is inhibited by water on leaf surfaces. The fungus presents as powdery white growth on both upper and lower surfaces of leaves. Older leaves are affected first. Affected leaves eventually turn yellow (chlorotic), then die. Plants affected before maturity are often not marketable. Plant resistant varieties when available. Rotate between fungicides to minimize risk of resistance. 

  • azoxystrobin (Quadris F): 12.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. See label for instructions and precautions. Not for greenhouse use.
  • azoxystrobin plus flutriafol (TopGuard EQ): 6.0 to 8.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 11. See label for tank mixing restrictions. Not for greenhouse use.
  • Bacillus mycoides Isolate J (LifeGard WGOG): 4.5 oz/100 gal water/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P06. See label for additional volumes and rates.
  • Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 (Serenade ASOOG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. See label for precautions.
  • copper oxychloride plus copper hydroxide (Badge X2OG): 0.75 to 1.5 lbs/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h field, 24h greenhouse, Group M1. May cause slight crop injury. See label for application restrictions.
  • cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12. For suppression only. 
  • fluopyram (Velum Prime): 5.0 to 6.84 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. For suppression only. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications before rotating to different FRAC Group.
  • flutriafol (Rhyme): 5.0 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3. Apply as preventatively. Not for greenhouse use.
  • fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Merivon Xemium): 4.0 to 11.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11. Make no more than 2 sequential applications before alternating with fungicides from a different FRAC Group. Not for greenhouse use.
  • hydrogen peroxide plus peroxyacetic acid (ZeroTol 2.0OG): See label for application rates; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. Use as a preventive or curative. See label for application instructions and specific dilution rates.
  • myclobutanil (Rally 40WSP): 5.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24h, Group 3. Lettuce only.
  • paraffinic oil (JMS Stylet-Oil): 3.0 to 6.0 qt/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. Lettuce only. Spray for thorough coverage of upper leaf surface. An organic formulation is available. Not labeled for use in New Hampshire.
  • penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 14.0 to 24 fl oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 7. Not for greenhouse use.
  • polyoxin D zinc salt (VEGGIETURBO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19. Apply as foliar spray in sufficient water to achieve thorough coverage. See label for restrictions.
  • potassium bicarbonate (MilStop SP): 2.0 to 5.0 lb/100 gal water/A; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. Thorough crop coverage is required. May be used in greenhouses. See label for application restrictions.
  • potassium salts of fatty acids (M-PedeOG): See label for application rates; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group NC. See label for precautions and application methods. 
  • Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain AFS009 (Howler EVOOG): 2.5 to 7.5 lbs/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. See label for restrictions.
  • pydiflumetofen plus fludioxonil (Miravis Prime): 9.2 to 13.4 fl oz/A, PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 12 & 7. 
  • pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides. See label for crop injury warnings. Not for greenhouse use.
  • quinoxyfen (Quintec): 4.0 to 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group13. Lettuce only. See label for application precautions. Not for greenhouse use.
  • Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia): 0.5 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P05. Ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific rates and application methods.
  • Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108 (Actinovate AGOG): 3.0 to 12 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Apply to foliage with spreader-sticker for best results.
  • sulfur (Microthiol DisperssOG): 4.0 to 10.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group M02. See label varying rates and application timing. Thorough coverage is required. Start with lowest rate for greenhouse crops to avoid plant injury.
  • Swinglea glutinosa extract (EcoSwingOG): 1.5 to 2.0 pts/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM01. See label for application restrictions.
  • triflumizole (Procure 480 SC): 6.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. Do not make more than 2 applications per crop year. Not labeled for use in Maine.

Seed Decay

Use treated seed. Do not use treated seed for food, feed or oil purposes.

  • mefenoxam (Apron XL): 0.085 to 0.64 fl oz/100 lbs seed; REI 48h, Group 4. For Pythium damping-off protection. Not labeled for use in Maine.
  • fludioxonil (Maxim 4FS): 0.08 to 0.16 oz/100 lbs seed; REI 12h, Group 12. For protection against seedborne and soilborne fungi. Does not control Pythium or Phytophthora.
  • thiram (Thiram SC): 8.0 fl oz/100 lbs seed; REI 24h, Group M03.
Disease Control

Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole Insect Control

Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole Insect Control ashahane
Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole - General Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Disease Control Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Physiological Disorders Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Weed Control

NOTES: For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 27 and Insecticides Alphabetically Listed by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Regulations for more details.

The symbol OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Aphids, Lettuce (Nasonovia ribisnigri)

The most common aphid present on lettuce is the lettuce aphid. This pest is of European origin. The lettuce aphid overwinters on Ribes species, which includes gooseberries and currants. Winged aphids that colonize lettuce are dark, while wingless females that reproduce on lettuce are pale yellow to green, sometimes reddish, with darker patches. Unlike other aphid species, they feed in the interior of the head, making them difficult to detect and to reach with insecticides. Scout plants at the seedling stage and before heads form. Check field margins, where infestations begin. If one planting becomes infested, use tillage to incorporate crop residue and prevent spread to later succession plantings. Potato aphid, green peach aphid, or lettuce root aphid may also occur. See Potato insect control section for more information on potato aphid, and Pepper insect control section for more information on green peach aphid.

  • acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A; PHI 21d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Green peach aphid only. Crisphead/iceberg only.
  • acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2 to 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A.
  • afidopyropen (Versys): 1.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9D.
  • alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • azadirachtin (Azatin OOG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake.
  • Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESOOG): 8 to 32 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. Treat when populations are low and thoroughly cover foliage. Takes 7-10 days after the first spray to see control. Repeat applications may be needed.
  • bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head lettuce only.
  • Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (GrandevoOG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
  • cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. Green peach aphid only.
  • cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A at planting, 6.75 to 10 oz/A chemigation; PHI 1d chemigation, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For control of green peach and suppression of potato aphid only.
  • dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 oz/A; PHI 14d for escarole types and leaf lettuce, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Not for head lettuce.
  • dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.25 oz/1,000 sq ft or 3.5 to 5.5 oz/100 gal or 7 to 11 oz/A; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Transplants only while in greenhouse. Not for field use.
  • dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 3 oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil; PHI 7d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, as a transplant or post-seeding drench, as a sidedress, or through drip. Suppression of green peach and potato aphid only.
  • flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9C.
  • flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 14 oz/A for foliar application, 21 to 28 oz/A for soil application; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D.
  • gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.
  • imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 1.3 oz/A foliar, 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A soil; PHI 7d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. For foliar applications, apply only to fully leafed-up canopies.
  • insecticidal soap (M-PedeOG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May need to make repeated applications. For enhanced and residual control, apply with a companion labeled insecticide. For green peach aphid, must use companion insecticide.
  • malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1.5 to 2 pt/A endive, 2 pt/A lettuce; PHI 7d endive, 14d lettuce, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Lettuce and endive only.
  • methomyl (Lannate LV*): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 10d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Lettuce only.
  • petroleum oil (Suffoil XOG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Lettuce only.
  • pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Translaminar. Apply when aphids first appear, before populations build up.
  • pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
  • sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 100 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur, or oils. Lettuce only.
  • spirotetramat (Movento): 4 to 5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24h, Bee: M, Group 23. Must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant with spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and sytemicity. Don't use sticker adjuvants. Controls immature stages, may also reduce adult fertility.
  • sulfoxaflor (Closer SC): 1.5 to 2 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4C.
  • thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
  • thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations.

Aster Leafhopper (Macrosteles quadralineatis)

See Carrot and Parsnip insect control section for more information on aster leafhopper and the yellows mycoplasm that it vectors.

  • acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A; PHI 21d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Crisphead/iceberg lettuce only.
  • alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head lettuce only.
  • carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 0.5 to 1 qt/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.
  • dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Not for head lettuce.
  • dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 3 oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil; PHI 7d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, as a transplant or post-seeding drench, as a sidedress, or through drip.
  • flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 14 oz/A foliar, 21 to 28 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D.
  • gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 1.3 oz/A foliar, 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A soil; PHI 7d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. For foliar applications, apply only to fully leafed-up canopies.
  • insecticidal soap (M-PedeOG): 1.25 to 5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces.
  • lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Lettuce only.
  • malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 2 pt/A; PHI 14d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Lettuce only. 
  • methomyl (Lannate LV*): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 10d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Lettuce only.
  • permethrin (Pounce 25WP*): 3.2 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. 
  • petroleum oil (Suffoil XOG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Lettuce only. 
  • pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
  • thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.
  • thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations.
  • tolfenpyrad (Torac): 14 to 21 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A.
  • zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.24 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Cabbage Looper (ITrichoplusia ni)

An occasional pest of lettuce, especially in late season when migratory flights have brought high numbers of cabbage looper moths into New England. See Cabbage section for more information on cabbage looper.

  • acephate (Orthene 97): 1 lb/A; PHI 21d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Crisphead/iceberg lettuce only.
  • alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • azazadirachtin (Azatin OOG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake.
  • Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTariOG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested. Apply in evening before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).
  • Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DFOG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested. Apply in evening before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).
  • beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head lettuce only.
  • chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May be applied to soil at planting, through drip chemigation, and as a foliar spray. For soil applications, must be applied uniformly in the root zone.
  • Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (GrandevoOG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
  • cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 10 to 17 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.
  • cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A at planting, 6.75 to 10 oz/A chemigation; PHI 1d chemigation, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. 
  • cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28.
  • emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 3.2 to 4.8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Apply when larvae are first observed.
  • gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.77 to 1.28 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • indoxacarb (Avaunt): 2.5 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 22.
  • methomyl (Lannate LV*): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 10d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Lettuce only.
  • methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Use lower rates when plants are small or infestations are light.
  • permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Lettuce and endive only.
  • petroleum oil (Suffoil XOG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Lettuce only.
  • pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.
  • sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur, or oils. Lettuce only.
  • spinetoram (Radiant SC): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5.
  • spinosad (Entrust SCOG): 3 to 6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5.
  • tebufenozide (Confirm 2F): 6 to 8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Use low rate for early-season applications to young, small plants. Begin applications when first signs of feeding damage appear. Use higher rate for later season applications and heavier infestations. Use of an adjuvant is recommended.
  • zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3.2 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Cutworms

Cutworms are caterpillars that hide under the soil surface adjacent to the plant stem during the day and feed on stems after dark. For best results, make applications between midnight and dawn while cutworms are feeding aboveground. Synthetic pyrethroids (Group 3A) may work best during cool spring weather. See cutworms in the Pepper and Tomato (Outdoor) sections for more information on black and variegated cutworms.

  • alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee:H, Group 3A.
  • Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTariOG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested. Apply in evening before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).
  • Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DFOG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested. Apply in evening before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).
  • beta-cyfluthrin (Baythoid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head lettuce only.
  • Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (GrandevoOG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.
  • gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.77 to 1.28 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.96 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Lettuce only.
  • methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Use lower rates when plants are small or infestations are light. Suppression only. 
  • permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • spinosad (SeduceOG): 20 to 44 lb/A or 0.5 to1 lb/1000 sq ft.; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: M, Group 5. Spread bait on soil around plants.
  • zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.24 to 4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus lineolaris)

The tarnished plant bug (TPB) is a small (1/4”) bronze-colored insect with a triangular marking on its back. TPB adults are highly mobile. The immature, or nymph stage is smaller and bright green, resembling an aphid, but much more active. Adults overwinter in weeds and crop residue and become active in early spring, laying eggs in plant tissue. Young tissue such as flower buds, immature fruit, and emerging leaves are preferred feeding sites compared to mature fruit, stems, or leaves. There are 2-3 generations per year. The sucking injury from adults and nymphs can cause dieback of the growing tip, death and drop of buds or flowers, brown scars on leaf ribs, and distorted or stunted growth of leaves, pods, seeds, or fruit. TPB injury in lettuce includes piercing of leaf ribs, which leaves a brown scar; this is especially noticeable on romaine. The range of vegetable and fruit crops affected by TPB is great; field crops such as alfalfa and many weeds are also favored hosts. In this guide, celery, lettuce, bean, and eggplant list TPB as a pest, but these are not the only crops that could be affected. In vegetables, TPB is generally not a seriously damaging pest unless the vegetation surrounding crop fields is serving as a source of large populations, and the crop offers more succulent feeding than the surrounding fields. Avoid planting lettuce near abandoned, weedy fields or alfalfa crops. While alfalfa may serve as a trap crop, mowing alfalfa may cause TPB to leave mowed fields for nearby vegetables, causing TPB damage to increase. Scout plants for signs of injury and for TPB adults or nymphs. Sweep nets can be used in crops that will not be damaged by sweeping. There are both native and imported predators and parasites of TPB. Insecticides are warranted if damage is increasing and the crop stage is such that significant crop injury can be prevented.

  • beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 2.4 to 3.2 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.
  • flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9C.
  • gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.
  • insecticidal soap (M-PedeOG): 1.25 to 5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces.
  • lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Lettuce only.
  • petroleum oil (Suffoil XOG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Lettuce only. 
  • pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

Slugs

Damage appears as shredded foliage. Look for silvery slime trails on leaves or turn over soil clods or debris to find slugs during daylight hours. Grow plants away from moist, shaded habitats, use clean cultivation, control weeds, hand pick/crush slugs, or scatter baits on the ground near infested plants. See the Cabbage section for more information on slugs.

  • iron phosphate (Sluggo: Snail and Slug BaitOG): 20 to 44 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Apply around perimeter, scatter around base of plants, or band down rows. Apply to moist soil in the evening.
  • metaldehyde (Deadline Bullets): 25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Soil surface treatment broadcast pre-planting or band treatment between rows after formation of edible parts. Apply to moist soil in the evening. Do not apply directly to or contaminate edible portions of plants.
Insect Control

Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole Physiological Disorders

Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole Physiological Disorders ashahane
Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole - General Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Disease Control Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Insect Control Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Weed Control

Tipburn

This is a physiological condition caused by the plant's inability to obtain sufficient calcium. Calcium is taken up by the plants in soluble form, so the root cause of tipburn is usually insufficient or uneven water uptake, rather than insufficient soil calcium levels. This can be due to rapid plant growth, excessive fertilization rates, or uneven water availability. Resistant varieties are available. Avoid excess fertilization. Provide consistent irrigation via drip irrigation systems. Foliar calcium supplements may have some benefit.

Physiological Disorders

Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole Weed Control

Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole Weed Control ashahane
Lettuce, Endive, and Escarole - General Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Disease Control Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Insect Control Lettuce, Endive & Escarole Physiological Disorders

NOTES: For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using. 

See section on Soil Fumigation Outdoors in the Disease Management section. Proper use of Vapam can provide control of most weed species.

Stale Seedbed

See Stale Seedbed Technique for information on the use of these herbicides or flaming.

Preemergent Herbicides (before weeds germinate)

  • bensulide (Prefar 4E): REI 12h, Group 0. Apply 5-6 qt/A per application, only 1 application per year. Do not exceed 6 qt/A per year. Can be applied before planting or after planting before crop has emerged. Incorporate 1-2” into the soil within 36 hours by shallow cultivation or with water through irrigation or rainfall. Grass control only; should be supplemented with cultivation or another registered herbicide for broadleaf control.
  • pronamide (Kerb SC): PHI 55d, REI 24h, Group 3. Head lettuce, endive, escarole, and radicchio greens only. Apply 2-4 lbs/A per application, only 1 application per year. Can be applied either before or after planting, before crop emergence as a banded, bed-topped, or broadcast application in 20-50 gal/A of spray. If applied when air temperatures exceed 85°F, incorporate into the soil with shallow cultivation or water through irrigation or rainfall within 1-2 days. There must be 1-2“ of irrigation immediately after application, or 0.5-1” of rainfall within 3 days. Rate based on soil texture, weed composition, incorporation method, and crop variety. Has not been tested on all varieties; crop tolerance should be verified before treating the entire field.
  • trifluralin (Treflan HFP): REI 12h, Group 3. Endive and escarole only. Apply 1-2 pts/A per application, only 1 application per year. Apply in spring or early summer, before planting. Rate based on soil texture and crop. Incorporate 2-3’’ into the top of the final seedbed within 24 hours of application. Disc twice after spraying for satisfactory incorporation.

Postemergent Herbicides (after weeds germinate)

  • carfentrazone (Aim EC): REI 12h, Group 14. Apply 0.5-2 oz/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year. Do not exceed 6.1 oz/A per season. Can be applied as a preplant burndown or to row middles of emerged crops with hooded sprayers to control emerged weeds. If used as a preplant burndown, use up to 2.0 fl oz/A no later than 7 days before planting by seed or immediately before planting transplants. Prevent any spray from contacting the crop, or injury will occur. For best results, make application to actively growing weeds up to 4” tall and rosettes less than 3” across.
  • clethodim (Select Max): PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 1. Apply 9-16 oz/A per application, up to 4 applications per year, a minimum of 14 days apart. Do not exceed 64 oz/A per year. Apply to actively growing grasses. Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt/100 gal of spray). Can also be applied as a spot-spray by mixing 0.33-0.66% (0.44-0.85 oz/gal) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz/gal). Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.
  • fluazifop (Fusilade DX): PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 1. Leaf and head lettuce only. Apply up to 24 oz/A per application, up to 2 applications allowed per year, a minimum of 14 days apart. Do not exceed 48 oz/A per year. Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage). Add either crop oil concentrate (0.5-1%, 0.5-1 gal/100 gal of spray) or nonionic surfactant (0.25-0.5%, 1-2 qt/100 gal of spray).
  • glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): PHI 14d, REI 4h, Group 9. Apply 10 oz-3.1 qt/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year. Do not exceed 5 qt/A per year. Rate based on target weed species. Can be applied during fallow intervals, prior to planting or transplanting, at planting, or before crop has emerged. Avoid any contact of herbicide with any part of the plant or crop death could result. Could cause injury when applied prior to transplanting or direct-seeding into plastic mulch. Remove residual product from plastic mulch with a 0.5” of water through irrigation or rainfall prior to planting.
  • pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 0. Apply a 3-10% solution (3-10 gal/100 gal of spray). Rate based on target weed species. Apply in 75-200 gal/A of spray or with a spot sprayer until foliage is wet but not to the point of runoff. Repeat applications as necessary. Can apply for vegetative burndown during site preparation, prior to crop emergence from soil, as a directed and shielded spray during crop growth taking care to avoid contact with foliage and green tissue of crops.
  • sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 30d head lettuce, 15d leaf lettuce, escarole, and endive, REI 12h, Group 1. Apply 1.5 pt/A per application, multiple applications allowed per year. Do not exceed 3 pts/A per year. Apply to actively growing grasses. Application rate is dependent on weed species composition and height. Use with crop oil concentrate (2 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A). Crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions. Can also be applied as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3-1.9 oz/gal) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz/gal). Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.
  • paraquat (Gramozone SL 3.0*): REI 12h or 24h, Group 22. Apply 1.3-2.7 pt/A per application, up to 3 applications allowed per year, at least 7 days apart. Apply before, during, or after planting, but before emergence as a banded or broadcast application in a minimum of 10 gal/A of spray. Minimize soil disturbance when seeding. *Restricted use: Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training every 3 years: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training-certified-applicators.
Weed Control