NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Crown Rot (Fusarium species)

Vigorously growing plants are less susceptible to crown rot. Buy top quality crowns. Use new land or land where asparagus has not been grown for 10 years. Use tolerant varieties.

Rust (Puccinia asparagi)

Rust disease attacks fern foliage and can spread rapidly affecting production in subsequent years. Fern residues should be removed and destroyed prior to spear emergence in the spring. Control volunteer asparagus plants that might be infected. Resistant cultivars are not available. Apply fungicides after spear harvest is complete.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.25 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group 44. Disease suppression only. For improved control; mix or rotate with a chemical fungicide.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 2.0 to 4.0 pt/A; PHI 190d, REI 12h, Group M05. Do not apply within 190 days of the harvest of spears in the following season.

copper (Badge SC): 1.0-2.5 pt./A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M1. For suppression. Tank mix with other products registered for rust control. Addition of sticker/spreader recommended.

mancozeb (Dithane F45): 2.0 qt/A; PHI 180d, REI 24h, Group M3. Begin applications after spears have been harvested.

mancozeb + azoxystrobin (Dexter Max): 2.0-2.2 lb./A; PHI 180d, REI 24h, Group M3+11. Begin applications after spears have been harvested. Alternate with fungicides outside of Group 11.

myclobutanil (Rally): 5.0 oz/A; PHI 180d, REI 24h, Group 3. Begin applications after spears have been harvested. Observe a 30-day plant-back interval between the last application and planting new crops at the treatment site.

sulfur (Microthiol Disperss^OG): 10.0 to 30.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group M2. Apply to ferns after cutting.

tebuconazole (Monsoon): 4.0-6.0 fl. oz./ A; PHI 180d, REI 12h, Group 3. Begin applications after spears have been harvested. Do not make more than 3 foliar applications per year.

NOTES:  For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 26 and Insecticides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Asparagus Aphids (Brachycorynella asparagi)

Asparagus aphids are small (1.6-2 mm), oval, green to gray aphids that may be covered in a waxy secretion. They overwinter as eggs on asparagus residue in the field. Eggs hatch in spring and nymphs and adults feed on spears, then on ferns. During the summer, wingless females produce live young (nymphs) which develop into reproductive females in 8-10 days. Populations can build up rapidly especially in hot, dry weather. Aphids feed on new growth and cause shortening of internodes, rosetting, or ‘witches broom’ appearance of the foliage. High aphid populations reduce root growth and plant vigor and may kill seedlings. Younger plantings are most vulnerable, especially 2 or 3-year-old plantings that are not being harvested.  Cold winters and aphid infestation have a synergistic effect on plant health, greater than either factor alone. Asparagus can also vector viruses, including asparagus virus I and II (AV-I and AV-II) and tobacco streak virus (TSV). During harvest, monitor any plantings that are not being harvested. After harvest, scout ferns for signs of feeding injury and aphid colonies, especially in the basal regions of the plant. Cultural controls include harvesting spears in spring, because only volunteer plants and young plantings that are not harvested will allow aphids to survive and multiply. Remove dead ferns during the fall or winter, and control between-row volunteers through spring tillage or herbicides. Natural biocontrol is provided by insect predators such as lady beetles, lacewings, predatory midges, and flower fly larvae, by the parasitic Braconid wasp, Diaeretiella rapea, and by a fungal pathogen that is more active in humid climates. Treat ferns when populations are low, if 5% of ferns show injury. Conserve beneficials by using a selective product. Scout again in 5-7 days to determine if further treatment is needed.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2.5 to 5.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 1 pt/A; PHI 180d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Apply after last harvest. Systemic.

insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. Apply with companion aphicide.

malathion (Malathion 57EC): 1.5 to 2 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.

pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 170d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Apply to ferns after harvest, and before populations build to damaging levels. Allow a minimum of 30 days between applications.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

Asparagus Miner (Opbiomyia simplex)

This fly was introduced to North America from Europe and is present wherever asparagus is grown. It feeds only on asparagus, and is found primarily on older stalks bearing ferns. The adult fly is shiny black, 3-4 mm long, with clear wings. Larvae are whitish, legless, tapered at both ends, with black mouth hooks at one end. Pupation takes place in the larval mine on the stalk. Overwintering puparia are usually in mines near or below ground level. There are 2 generations per year. Adults emerge in May and lay eggs underneath the epidermis of stems, usually near the base of the plant. Larvae feed in June, pupate inside their larval mines, and a second generation of adults emerges and lays eggs in late-July or early-August. Second generation larvae feed through August and pupate in the fall, overwintering until the following spring. Larvae feed just beneath the surface of the stem, burrowing upwards or downwards and forming mines. While direct feeding damage can girdle stems if there are several mines per stalk, the effect of miners on yield is usually minimal and the injury is largely cosmetic. The most important injury from asparagus miner is due to its association with Fusarium spp. and its ability to vector this pathogen into the plant through feeding wounds. Cultural practices to reduce damage from asparagus miner include removing overwintering stalks and destroying wild asparagus in the vicinity of commercial plantings. Select varieties that are resistant to Fusarium to reduce disease.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 25.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A. Suppression only.

Cutworms

Caterpillars hide under the soil surface adjacent to the plant stem during the day and feed after dark. Crooks (misshaped spears) are often caused by cutworms injuring tips at or just below the soil surface or feeding on the sides of young spears. For best results, make application between midnight and dawn while cutworms are feeding above ground. Synthetic pyrethroids (group 3A) may work best during cool weather in May. See cutworms in the Pepper and Tomato (Outdoor) sections for more information on the black and variegated cutworms.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR PLUS): 1 qt/A prior to fern growth; 2 qt/A on ferns; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

spinosad (Seduce^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A or 0.5 to1 lb/1000 sq ft.; PHI 60d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Scatter bait on soil around plants. For postharvest protection of ferns only.

Asparagus Beetles and Japanese Beetle

The common asparagus beetle (Crioceris duodecimpunctata) and spotted asparagus beetles (Crioceris asparagi) are less than 3/8" long, overwinter as adults in protected areas along fields, feed and lay eggs in the crop, pupate in the soil, and have 2 or sometimes 3 generations per year. The common asparagus beetle (CAB) has a bluish-black body with cream-colored, square or rectangular spots, while the spotted asparagus beetle (SAB) is tan to orange with 12 round, black spots. Eggs of CAB are dark brown, laid standing on end in rows along the spears, with 3-10 in each cluster.  During harvest, adult feeding by CAB on spears or the presence of CAB eggs can render the crop unmarketable. CAB larvae have 4 instars and are wrinkled, plump, hump-backed, and dull gray or brown with black head and legs. CAB larvae may cause severe defoliation of ferns and decline of the planting.  SAB larvae are yellow or orange and feed only on berries. During harvest, scout for adults and eggs on sunny afternoons. Treat spears if >10% of the plants are infested with beetles or 1-2% have eggs or damage. Scout ferns for all life stages of both pests and treat if 50-75% are infested. If possible, spot spray along edges of planting where overwintering adults colonize the field and/or band insecticide over the row to help conserve natural enemies. Use selective insecticides on ferns. During harvest, snap or cut spears close to the soil surface daily and eliminate volunteer plants or treat them with an insecticide to use them as a trap crop. Disk old ferns lightly in the fall and clean areas around planting of debris to reduce overwintering populations. Eliminating female plants, and thus berries, can reduce or eliminate SAB populations. Japanese beetles may feed in ferns in mid-summer.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2.5 to 5.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR PLUS): 1 qt/A prior to fern growth; 2 qt/A on ferns; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 1 pt/A; PHI 180d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Asparagus beetle only. Apply after last harvest.

Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 (PFR-97 20% WDG^OG): 1 to 2 lb/A (foliar or soil drench); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group M.

kaolin (Surround WP^OG): 12.5 to 25 lb/A or 25 to 50 lbs/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Suppression and repellence only. Product residue may need to be washed off if applied to spears during harvest. Generally compatible as a tank mix with other insecticides.

malathion (Malathion 57EC): 1.5 to 2 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Asparagus beetle only.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For Japanese beetle control, use high rate.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. For beetle larvae only. Apply as needed.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A.; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 4 to 8 oz/A; PHI 60h, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Post-harvest protection of ferns from asparagus beetle only.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 4 to 6 oz/A; PHI 60d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Post-harvest protection of ferns from asparagus beetle only.

NOTE:  For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using. 

Grass Weed Control - new plantings and established beds

clethodim (Select Max): PHI 1d, REI 24h, Group 1.  Apply 9 to 16 oz/A per application, minimum 14 days between applications.  Do not exceed 64 oz/A per year.  Will control grass weeds only. Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage). Add 1 qt nonionic surfactant per 100 gal of spray (0.25% v:v).  Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1/3-2/3% (0.44 to 0.85 oz per gallon) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

fluazifop (Fusilade DX): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group1.  For grass weed control only. 16 to 24 oz/A per application, minimum 14 days between applications, and not to exceed 48 oz/A per year.  Will control grass weeds only. Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage). Add either crop oil concentrate (0.5-1%, 0.5-1 gallon per 100 gallons of spray) or nonionic surfactant (0.25-0.5%, 1-2 qt per 100 gal of spray).

sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 1.  Controls grass weeds only.  Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage).  Maximum 2.5 pt/A per application, minimum 14 days between applications.  Do not exceed 5 pt/A per year. Use with crop oil concentrate (2.0 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A).  Note that crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions. Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3 to 1.9 oz per gallon) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

New Plantings

glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): REI 12h, Group 9. Preplant or stale seedbed application. Rate depends on target weeds, see label for rate selection. See Stale Seedbed Technique.

paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): restricted use. REI 12h, Group 22. Use 2.5 to 4 pts/A.  Preplant or stale seedbed application. See Stale Seedbed Technique. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training listed on the following website https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training.... The training must be completed a minimum of every three years.

pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3% to 10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons).  See Stale Seedbed Technique.

pendimethalin (Prowl H2O): PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 3. Can be applied to newly planted crowns but NOT to newly seeded crop.  When applying to newly planted crown asparagus, assure crowns are fully covered with 2 to 4 inches of soil.  Do not apply over the top of emerged spears or injury will occur.  Use as a single application of up to 8.2 pt/A.  On sandy soils do not use more than 2.4 pt/A.  Apply uniformly to the soil surface at least 14 days prior to the first harvest.  Cultivate or use Gramoxone to control emerged weeds. 

linuron (Lorox DF): PHI 1d, REI 24h, Group 5. Can be used for pre- and postemergence control of many annual broadleaf weeds.  See label for instructions on preemergence use after planting. For postemergence weed control, use 1 to 2 applications of 1 to 2 lbs/A when ferns are more than 6 inches tall.  Spray emerged weeds when they are less than 4 inches tall. Use the lower rate on coarse-textured (sandy) soils low in organic matter, and the higher rate on fine-textured (silt and clay) soils. A second application can be made 1 to 3 months after the initial application, not to exceed a total of 4 lbs/A per year.

Established Beds – Before spear emergence or after harvest season

clomazone (Command 3ME): PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 13.  Make a single application of 42.7 fl oz/A in at least 10 gallons of water per acre prior to spear and weed emergence or after a clean harvest (must cover all asparagus plant parts with soil to prevent injury).  Will control annual grasses and many broadleaf weeds.

diuron (Karmex DF, Diuron 4L): REI 12h, Group 5. Karmex not registered in NH and VT. Diuron 4L registred in all New England States. Use lower rates on light sandy soils (and other soils low in clay and organic matter) and higher rates on soils high in clay or organic matter. Use in the spring preemergence to both crop and weeds.  If necessary, a second application can be made after cutting season.  If planning two applications, do not exceed 3 lbs/A per application.  The soil must be kept moist to activate diuron. If weeds start to germinate, cultivate lightly (not deeper than 1") and irrigate during cutting season. Do not use on newly seeded asparagus or on young plants or crowns during the first season. Do not use diuron on a bed the year it is to be abandoned and planted to another kind of vegetable.

flumioxazin (Chateau SW): REI 12h, Group 14.  Apply 3 to 6 oz/A per application, not to exceed 6 oz/A per season. For post-harvest applications, apply at least 2 weeks before fern emergence.  For preemergence use, apply at least 14 days before spears emerge.  Must be sprinkler or rainfall incorporated (0.5 to 0.75” of water) for preemergence weed control.  Will control many broadleaf weeds and some grass species.  If soil has been disturbed prior to application or if asparagus is not dormant, some crop injury may be observed.  Can be applied to dormant asparagus tank-mixed with Gramoxone for burndown of emerged weeds.  Use as an alternative to metribuzin, diuron, or terbacil.  Do not use every year. Limited data on efficacy and crop safety for use in the New England region.

linuron (Lorox DF): PHI 1d, REI 24h, Group 5. Can be used as a single 2 to 4 lb/A application for preemergence weed control.  Apply prior to spear emergence or after harvest for residual and postemergence control of many annual broadleaf weeds.  Use the lower rate on coarse-textured (sandy) soils low in organic matter, and the higher rate on fine-textured (silt and clay) soils.  See information about postemergence use in the following "Established Beds - Postemergence" section.

mesotrione (Callisto):  REI 12h,  Group 27.  Apply 3 to 7.7 oz/A.  See lable to select appropriate rate for weeds and timings. Can be applied in the spring prior to spear emergence, or after harvest, or both, to control many winter and summer annual broadleaf weeds.  Maximum of two application permitted, minimum 14 days between applications, not exceed a total of 7.7 oz/A per year. When using Callisto after harvest, till the field or tank-mix with Gramoxone to eliminate emerged spears or crop injury may be observed as white or white streaks in the stems and fern when treated spears grow.  Callisto provides excellent control of horseweed (also called marestail or stickweed), including glyphosate-tolerant strains, and common lambsquarter. Callisto does not control most grasses.  Tank-mix Callisto with a residual annual grass herbicide to control annual grasses.  Add 1% crop oil concentrate (1 gal/100 gal of spray solution) or 0.25%  nonionic surfactant (1 qt/100 gal of spray solution) if target weeds are emerged at the time of application. 

metribuzin (Metribuzin 75): PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 5.  Can be applied as a single application in the spring prior to spear emergence (1.3 to 2.6 lb/A), or as two applications in the spring and after harvest.  The total amount of metribuzin applied cannot exceed 2.6 lbs/A.  If using two applications, apply 0.6 – 1.3 lbs/A in the spring and 1.3 – 2.0 lbs/A after harvest but before fern emergence.  If field is to be disked, apply after disking but before crop emergence. Do not use on newly seeded asparagus or on young plants or crowns during first season. Do not apply to established beds after emergence. Fair on grasses.

napropamide (Devrinol 2-XT): REI 12h, Group 0. Use up to 2 gal/A. Incorporate thoroughly with irrigation prior to spear emergence if adequate rainfall does not occur within 24 hours of application. Apply only to stands that have been established for at least one growing season.

norflurazon (Solicam DF): PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 12. Apply 2.5 to 5 lb/A, select rate based on soil type.  See label for details.  If adequate rainfall does not occur within 4 weeks of application, irrigation should be used to incorporate and activate. Apply after the cutting season. Controls most grasses and several broadleaf weeds. Also will suppress yellow nutsedge. Cannot be used unless planting is at least 12 months old, and should not be used if a crop rotation is planned within 24 months.

paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): restricted use. PHI 6d, REI 12h, Group 22. Use 2.5 to 4 pts/A, up to three applications per year. Apply prior to emergence of crop at least 2 years old, or after last clean cut harvest. Asparagus plants that have emerged at time of application will be killed. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training listed on the following website https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training.... The training must be completed a minimum of every three years.

pendimethalin (Prowl H2O):  PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 3. Apply before spear emergence or after harvest.  Do not apply over the top of emerged spears or injury will occur.  Use as a single application of up to 8.2 pt/A.  On sandy soils do not use more than 2.4 pt/A.  Apply uniformly to the soil surface at least 14 days prior to the first harvest.  Cultivate or use Gramoxone Inteon to control emerged weeds. 

terbacil (Sinbar WDG): PHI 5d, REI 12h, Group 5. Apply prior to spear emergence, after a clean cutting, or after the last harvest.  Do not apply more than 1.5 lb/A per application, and if more than one application is made, total rate cannot exceed 2.5 lb/A per year. Use a lower rate on coarse-textured soils.  Do not apply if roots are exposed or if the planting is weak; see label.

trifluralin (Treflan HFP): REI 12h, Group 3. Established plantings only. Can be used in the spring prior to spear emergence, after harvest before ferns emerge, or both. Rate based on soil texture and number of planned applications, see label for details. 

Established Beds - Postemergence, after weeds germinate

clopyralid (Clean Slate): PHI 48h, REI 12h, Group 4. Other clopyralid formulations may not labeled. Apply 0.5 to 0.67 pt/A. Two applications can be made as long as the total amount applied per year does not exceed 0.67 pts/A. Applications may be made before or during the asparagus cutting season, or after harvest is complete but prior to fern growth. Use the higher rate for more effective control of perennial weeds. Can control or suppress sensitive annual and perennial broadleaf weeds, including Canada thistle, goldenrod, mugwort, and wild aster species. For annual weeds, apply before flower stalks of weeds emerge. For perennial weeds, apply when majority of weeds’ basal leaves have emerged. Some crooking or twisting of treated spears may occur. Do not apply if some crooking of emerged spears is not acceptable. Clear-cutting spears just before applying may reduce occurrence of crooking. Post-harvest layby applications should be made as soon as possible after cutting. Malformed ferns may result from application when spears are longer than 3 inches or with open seed heads. Spur carryover may affect subsequent crops; observe all plantback restrictions list on label. Can be tank mixed with other herbicides. See the label for tank mixing guidance.

dicamba (Clarity): PHI 24h, REI 24h, Group 4. Apply 8 to 16 fl oz/A to emerged and actively growing weeds immediately after cutting field but at least 24 hrs before next cutting. Multiple applications can be made, but do not exceed 16 fl oz/A per year total. If spray contacts emerged spears, crooking (twisting) of some spears may result. If crooking occurs, discard affected spears.

glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): REI 12h, Group 9. Apply to emerged weeds well before spear emergence in the spring as contact with spears will result in serious crop injury.  Can also be applied after cutting season, after removal of all growing spears and fern (clean cut). Contact with growing spears or fern will result in crop injury. For later application use directed or shielded sprays to prevent plant contact. Rate depends on target weeds, see label for rate selection.

halosulfuron (Sandea): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 2. For transplanted crowns and established beds only. For transplanted crowns, apply no sooner than 6 weeks after fern emergence. For established beds, apply before or during harvest season. May also be applied as a directed spray to the base of the ferns. Contact with ferns will cause yellowing. Will provide preemergence and postemergence control of many weeds. Use 0.5 to 1.5 oz/A per application. Do not apply more than 2 times per season and do not exceed 2 oz/A per year. See label for list of weeds and other precautions.  Weed control may be reduced without the use of a surfactant.

linuron (Lorox DF): PHI 1d, REI 24h, Group 5. Use 1 to 3 applications of 1–2 lbs/A for postemergence weed control.  Spray emerged weeds when they are less than 4 inches tall. Use the lower rate on coarse-textured (sandy) soils low in organic matter, and the higher rate on fine-textured (silt and clay) soils. DO NOT exceed 4 pounds of product per acre per year total (including any preemergence applications).  See information about preemergence use in the previous "Established Beds – Before spear emergence or after harvest season" section.

pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons). Use a 3 to 5% solution for annual weeds, a 5 to 7% solution for biennial and perennial weeds, and 7 to 10% solution for maximum burndown. Delivery rate for boom applications should be 75 to 200 gals of spray solution per acre; complete coverage of weed foliage is essential. Use a DIRECTED/ SHIELDED SPRAY; contact with crop will cause injury. For hand-held equipment, spray to completely wet all weed foliage but not to the point of runoff. Repeat applications as necessary. Tank mixes are allowed with this product. These include tank mixes with glyphosate (Roundup), sulfosate (Touchdown), and residual herbicides. See label for complete details.

s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum): REI 12h, Group 15.  MASSACHUSETTS, MAINE, and NEW HAMPSHIRE ONLY. Make sure the label for your state is available for download before using this product. This is a restricted label available only to growers who apply through the website www.syngenta-us.com/labels/indemnified-label-login and agree to a waiver of liability. Main target weeds for this registration are galinsoga and yellow nutsedge. All label instructions will be supplied after the application for use is completed.

2,4-D sodium salt (Amine 4): PHI 3d, REI 48h, Group 4.  Use 3 - 4 pt/A.  Two applications are permitted, a minimum of one month apart.  Spot spray when weeds appear. Keep spray off spears and ferns. 2,4-D is hazardous to most horticultural crops. Drift or sprays may seriously injure or reduce yields of these crops. May help to control unwanted seedling asparagus.

Note About Other Labeled Herbicides: Other products are labeled for use in asparagus but limited local data are available for these and/or they are not recommended in our region due to potential crop injury concerns. These include quinclorac (QuinStar), carfentrazone (Aim), sulfentrazone (Zeus and others), and diquat (Reglone).

NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Pesticide use in greenhouses and high tunnels:

Pesticides can be used on high tunnel and greenhouse crops if: 1) the crop and pest/disease is on the label, AND the products specifically says it can be used in the greenhouse; OR 2) the crop and pest/disease is on the label, AND the product is ‘silent’ about use in the greenhouse in the greenhouse. Products that specifically prohibit greenhouse use cannot be used in greenhouses or high tunnels regardless of the crops or pests/diseases listed on the label.

Purchase disease-free seed. Use resistant varieties where feasible. Promptly remove any stock plants that are diseased or low in vigor. Use separate greenhouses for herb production and keep stock plants separate from production areas. There are few fungicides or bactericides registered for herbs.

Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas cichorii )

Disinfect all benches, equipment, and pots. Purchase culture-indexed plants and disease-free seed. Avoid overhead irrigation. Discard infected plants. Clean production areas thoroughly after harvest as bacteria can survive in dead leaves.

Botrytis blight and stem canker (Botrytis cinerea)

Management of environmental conditions such as temperature, relative humidity and duration of leaf wetness is vital to Botrytis control. Control weeds and remove plant debris between crops and during production. Provide good air circulation and reduce humidity within the plant canopy by proper plant spacing, plant height, and fertility. Water in the morning, never late in the day.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 (Stargus^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Apply preventatively in a minimum of 50.0 gallons of water/A.

cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12. Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications.

potassium bicarbonate (PB 133, AKA MilStop^OG): 2.5 to 5.0 lb/100.0 gal; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. See label for small volume application rates.

Ulocladium oudemansii U3 strain (BotryStop^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 lbs/A; REI 4h, Group NC. Begin application when conditions are conducive to disease development.

Damping-off, Crown and Root Rot (Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Fusarium spp. & Phytophthora spp.)

Use pasteurized soil or soil-less mixes for transplant production. Disinfect all flats, pots, and tools. Use bottom heat to promote rapid seed germination. Avoid over-watering, over-fertilizing, and overcrowding. Promptly rogue out infected plants. Manage fungus gnats and shoreflies. 

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 (Stargus^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Apply preventatively in a minimum of 50.0 gallons of water/A.

mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold SL): 0.5 to 1.0 pt/A; PHI 21d, REI 48h, Group 4. Pythium and Phytophthora ONLY.

fludioxonil (Maxim 4FS): 0.08 to 0.16 oz/100 lb seed; REI 12h, Group 12. For protection against seedborne and soil-borne fungi. Does not control Pythium or Phytophthora.

potassium phosphite (K-Phite): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. Apply in a minimum of 20.0 gal water/A.

Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbarhii)

Downy Mildew of basil can be serious in both field and greenhouse production. Start with certified, disease-free seed. Scout crops regularly and promptly remove and destroy infected plants. Reduce leaf wetness duration by plant spacing, improving air circulation, and watering when plants will dry quickly. In the greenhouse, use a combination of heating and venting to reduce humidity and condensation, especially when warm days are followed by cool nights. Varieties with some resistance to downy mildew are available (see varieties).

azoxystrobin (Heritage): 0.18 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. See label for instructions.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 (Stargus^OG): 2 to 4 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Apply preventatively in a minimum of 50.0 gallons of water/A.

copper (Cueva): 16.8 gal/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group M01. Begin applications when environmental conditions favor disease development. 

cyazofamid (Ranman): 2.75 to 3.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Registered for greenhouse use.

fenamidone (Reason SC): 6.0 fl. oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h Group 11. Greenhouse and field. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.

fluopicolide (Presidio): 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 43. Field use only. Must be tank mixed with a fungicide with a different mode of action. 

hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid (Oxidate 2.0^OG): 1:2 to 1:4 dilution; PHI 0d, REI 0h. Do not tank mix with copper. 

mandipropamid (Micora): 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group 40. NOTE: greenhouses use limited to structures with permanent flooring ONLY. Not labeled for field use.

mandipropamid (Revus): 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group 40. Labeled for field use.

mefenoxam (Subdue): 2.0 pt/A; PHI 21d, REI 48h, Group 4. Tank mix with fungicides from other groups. 

oxathiapiprolin (Segovis): 1.1 to 2.4 fl.oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 49. Begin foliar application prior to disease development. Use the higher rate when disease is present. 

potassium bicarbonate (PB 133 AKA MilStop^OG): 2.5 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. Thorough coverage is essential. Registered for greenhouse and field use. See label for small volume application rates.

phosphorous acid (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/100.0 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P07. Do not apply to plants that are heat or moisture stressed.

Streptomyces lydicus (Actinovate^OG): 6.0 to 12.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC.

Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. basilici)

Fusarium wilt is very difficult to manage as it can persist in the soil or hydroponic system for many years. Practice strict sanitation. Begin with disease-free seed or treat seed with hot water or dilute bleach. The basil varieties Aroma 2, Nufar, Newton and Rutgers Obsession have some resistance to Fusarium wilt. Fusarium is a soil inhabitant that can become established in the field. Promptly remove and destroy all infected plants, infested soil, and plant debris. Rotate crops, excluding members of the mint family, which can be symptomless carriers of Fusarium.

NOTES:  For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 26 and Insecticides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details. 

Aphids

For more information on biology, see aphids in the pepper section.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group un. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake.

Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESO^OG): 8 to 32 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. Treat when populations are low and thoroughly cover foliage. Takes 7 to 10 days after application to see control.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 7 to 10.5 oz/A soil, 1.2 oz/A foliar; PHI 14d soil, 7d foliar, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. Repeat application every 2 to 3 days until pest is under control. For enhanced and residual control apply with companion labeled aphicide.

Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 (PFR-97 20% WDG^OG): 1 to 2 lb/A (foliar or soil drench); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

Japanese and Oriental Beetles

Beetles move into basil after emerging from soil in turf, pastures or fallow areas, starting in late June and peaking in July.  Adult beetles skeletonize leaves as they feed. Row covers can prevent feeding, but watch for build-up of aphids due to exclusion of natural enemies. The basil variety Nufar is very attractive to Japanese beetles and can be used for a trap crop.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group un. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake. 

Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 (PFR-97 20% WDG^OG): 1 to 2 lb/A (soil applications only); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group un.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

Suggestions for weed management in basil include use of the Stale Seedbed Technique and use of plasticulture. Both glyphosate (Roundup) and pelargonic acid (Scythe) are registered for stale seedbed use. Flaming can also be used. Stale seed beds can be used between plastic mulch (be careful with flaming as it melts the plastic). Basil usually grows quickly and shades the planting hole in plasticulture, out-competing weed growth. Apply the plastic at least 2 to 3 weeks prior to planting and kill the weeds between the mulch prior to setting the basil plants on the plastic. On bare ground culture, keep cultivations shallow to protect crop roots. Do not move soil into the crop row as basil plants may be more susceptible to diseases when soil is mounded against the stems of the crop.

Herbicides Used Preemergence, before weeds germinate

napropamide (Devrinol 2-XT): REI 12h, Group 0.  Apply 2 to 4 qt/A as a preplant/preemergence application to weed-free soil surface.  Apply with ground spray equipment only, in 20 to100 gallons of water per acre. Apply to a weed free surface. Shallow incorporate no deeper than seeding depth or sprinkler irrigate within 24 to 72 hours using sufficient water to wet the soil to a depth of 2 to 4 inches. Use the lower rate on light soil (coarse textured - sandy) and the higher rate on heavy soil (fine textured - clay).

Herbicides Used Postemergence, before weeds germinate

carfentrazone (Aim EC): REI 12h, Group 14.  Aim is a burndown herbicide and will injure any foliage it comes into contact with. Apply Aim to row middles of emerged crops with hooded sprayers to control emerged weeds, including crops grown on mulch or plastic.  Prevent any spray from contacting the crop, or injury will occur.  For best results, make application to actively growing weeds up to 4 inches tall and rosettes less than 3 inches across. Good coverage is essential for good control.  Apply up to 2 oz/A per application, and do not exceed a total of 6.1 oz/ per season. 

clethodim (Select Max): PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 1.  Has not been tested on all varieties.  Crop tolerance should be verified on a small area of the crop at the desired rate. If no crop response is evident seven days after treatment, Select Max Herbicide may be used on the entire field at the rate tested. Will control grass weeds only. Apply to actively growing grasses.  See label for rate selection.  Multiple applications permitted of 9 to 16 oz/A per application, minimum 14 days between applications, not to exceed 64 oz/A per year.  Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt per 100 gal of spray).  Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1/3% to 2/3% (0.44 to 0.85 oz per gallon) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)

Anthracnose is common in beans and is primarily a seedborne disease surviving on dry, undecomposed residues for up to 5 years. Symptoms begin as red spots on leaves and pods that develop into black lesions. Leaf veins can turn red-brown. Start with certified, disease-free seed and use resistant cultivars. Fungicides may be applied as seed treatments or foliar sprays.

azoxystrobin (Quadris): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11.

azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 1.6 to 2.4 pt/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M5. DRY bean only. See label for tank mix precautions.  

azoxystrobin plus propiconazole (Quilt Xcel): 10.5 to 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d succulent; PHI 14d dry, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.375 to 3.0 pt/A (succulent), 1.375 to 2.0 pt/A (dry); PHI 7d (succulent) to 14d (dry), REI 12h, Group M05.

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Priaxor Xemium): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d (succulent), 21d (dry), REI 12 h, Groups 7 & 11.

penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 14.0 to 30.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. Maximum 2 applications per year.

potassium bicarbonate (PB 133, AKA MilStop^OG): 2.5 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 1h.

propiconazole (Tilt): 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3.

Pseudomonas chloraphis (Howler^OG): 2.5 to 7.5 lbs/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 02. Use preventatively.

pyraclostrobin (Headline): 6.0 to 9.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d (succulent) to 21d (dry), REI 12h, Group 11. Apply at the beginning of flowering. Do not make more than 2 applications/ before rotating to a non-Group 11 fungicide.

Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (RagaliaOR): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A ground application; PHI od, REI 4h, Group P5. Application to ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific application instructions.

thiophanate-methyl (Topsin 4.5 FL): 30 to 40 fl oz/A; PHI 14d (snap) to 28d (dry), REI 24h (succulent), 72h (dry), Group 1. Rate is dependent on crop phenology, see label for details.

Downy Mildew-Lima Beans (Phytophthora phaseoli)

Downy mildew resistant lima bean varieties are available. Rotate to non-susceptible crops. Apply seed treatments to protect germinating seedlings against soilborne inoculum. Plow under infected debris in fall. Rotate with crops other than beans for two years.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.375 to 3.0 pt/A (succulent), 1.375 to 2 pt/A (dry); PHI 7d (snap) to 14d (succulent), REI 12h, Group M5.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5-1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

cyazofamid (Ranman): Succulent beans ONLY. 2.75 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Tank mix with organosilicone or non-ionic surfactant.

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Priaxor Xemium): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d (succulent), 21d (dry), REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11. Maximum 2 applications per year.

mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold XL): Succulent beans ONLY. 0.125 to 0.2 pt/A. PHI 3d, REI 48h, Group 4. Must be tank mixed with high rate of another fungicide registered for downy mildew.

phosphorous acid  (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 33. Do not apply to heat or moisture stressed crops or plants recently treated with copper.

potassium bicarbonate (PB 133, AKA MilStop^OG): 2.5 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 1h.

Pseudomanas chloraphis (Howler^OM): 2.5 TO 7.5 lbs/A. PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 02. Use preventatively.

pyraclostrobin (Headline): 6.0 to 9.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d (succulent) to 21d (dry), REI 12h, Group 11. Do not make more than 2 applications before rotating to a non-Group 11 fungicide.

Rhizoctonia solani

Rhizoctonia stem canker caused by strains of the soilborne fungus Rhizoctonia solani is common throughout the world on peas and beans. The pathogen survives between crop seasons as sclerotia (survival structures), mycelium in the soil, or on or in infected plant debris.  It is spread in infested soil or plant debris by wind, rain, irrigation water, and machinery. When a soil becomes infested, it remains so indefinitely. Seedlings and young plants are highly susceptible to infection and disease severity is increased by low soil temperatures and compaction. Seed decay and damping off can be controlled by using high-quality seed, with high germination and vigor,  and by practices that encourage rapid germination and emergence.  Seed treatments are not effective against infections later in the season. The disease may be reduced by sowing seed as shallowly as possible in warm, moist soil. Land preparation that minimizes soil compaction and structural damage will lessen disease severity. Rotate crops with a cereal or pasture crop (avoid beets, beans, brassicas and potatoes which increase inoculum). Cover crops and other practices that increase organic matter and improve soil structure are recommended. Some brassica crops (mustard, rape) used as green manure have been reported to be disease suppressive. Avoid incorporating green manure immediately before planting or damaging roots by shallow cultivation. Fungicides can manage Rhizoctonia root rot on young seedlings if applied as a seed treatment or soil drench.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 (Stargus^OG): 2 to 4 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Apply preventatively in a minimum of 50 gallons of water/A.

fludioxonil (Maxim 4FS): 0.08 to 0.16 oz/100 lb seed; REI 12h, Group 12. For protection against seedborne and soilborne fungi.

PCNB (Blocker 10G): Bush and pole beans ONLY. 1.0 lbs/1,000 ft. (bush), 1.0-2.0 lbs/1,000ft. (pole); REI 12h, Group 14. Apply in a 12-15 inch band over seed in-furrow at planting time and cover immediately. Do not feed treated vines to livestock.

Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Ragalia^OG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A ground application; PHI 0D, REI 4h, Group P5. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific application instructions.

Trichoderma asperellum, T. gamsii (Biotam^OG): See label for in-furrow, drench, and broadcast rates; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02.

thiram (Thiram 42-S): 2.0 fl oz. (snap and dry), 3.0 fl. (Lima)/100 lb seed; REI 24h, Group M03.

Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus)

Symptoms are most visible on the undersides of leaves. Symptoms begin as tiny white raised spots called pustules that break open to produce distinct red spots with dust-like spores (uridiniospores) which easily brush off. Spots may be surrounded by yellow halos in some varieties. Severely infested leaves fall off plants. Overwintering spores (teliospores) are black in color. Plant resistant varieties. Plow under crop debris immediately after harvest. Bury or otherwise destroy crop residues to reduce overwintering inoculum. Rotate away from beans for 2 years or up to 5 years in reduced tillage. Avoid overfertilization with high levels of nitrogen, but ensure adequate potassium. Disinfect poles in production of pole beans. Avoid long periods of leaf wetness when irrigating during times when temperatures are warm. 

azoxystrobin (Quadris): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. 

azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 1.6 to 2.4 pt/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M5. DRY bean only. See label for tank mix precautions. Not labeled for soybean. 

azoxystrobin plus propiconazole (Quilt Xcel): 10.5 to 14 fl oz/A; PHI 7d (succulent), 14 (dry), REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.25 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM02. Disease suppression only. For improved control; mix or rotate with a chemical fungicide.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.375 to 3.0 pt/A (succulent), 1.375 to 2 pt/A (dry); PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group M05.

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Priaxor Xemium): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d (succulent), 21d (dry), REI 12 h, Groups 7 & 11. Maximum 2 applications per year.

myclobutanil (Rally): 4.0 to 5.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group 3. Observe a 30-day plant back interval.

penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 14.0 to 30.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. Maximum 2 applications per year.

propiconazole (Tilt): 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3. 

pyraclostrobin (Headline): 6.0 to 9.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d (succulent) to 21d (dry), REI 12h, Group 11.  Do not make more than 2 applications per season before rotating with another Group 11 fungicide.

sulfur (Microthiol Disperss^OG): 3.0 to 10.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group M2.

Seed Decay

Buy treated seed. Do not use treated seed for food or feed.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.125 to1.0 lb/A at planting; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM02. Suppression only.

fludioxonil (Maxim 4FS): 0.08 to 0.16 oz/100 lb seed; REI 12h, Group 12. For protection against seedborne and soilborne fungi.

mefenoxam (Apron XL): 0.16 to 0.64 fl oz/100 lb seed; REI 48h, Group 4. For Pythium damping off. Early season Phytophthora protection (0.64 fl oz/lb seed).

Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61 (MycoStop^OG): see label for rate information; REI 4h.

thiram (Thiram 42-S): 3.0 lb (lima) 2.0 lb (snap & dry)/100 lb seed; REI 12h, Group M3.

White Mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)

Space plants to allow good air circulation. Plant on well-drained soil. Sclerotinia produces sclerotia, which are hard, black structures from 1/16" to 1/2" in length, inside or on the surface of infected tissue. Sclerotia can survive for years in the soil and are responsible for initiating disease. Germination of sclerotia and initiation of disease are dependent on prevailing weather conditions. Optimum temperature for sclerotia to germinate is about 52°F but some sclerotia germinate over a wider range of temperatures. Germination is also dependent on continuous soil wetness for 10 days.

Many vegetable crops and weeds are susceptible to this fungus; corn and grasses are not. Lettuce, cabbage, tomato, carrot, brassicas and snap beans are among the most susceptible and should not be grown on land known to be contaminated with Sclerotinia. After an episode of disease, rotate away from susceptible crops for 7 years. A single infected head of cabbage may produce more than 1,000 sclerotia. Removal of diseased plant material as soon as possible is highly is recommended.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 (Stargus^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Apply in furrow at planting in a minimum of 5.0-15.0 gallons of water/A.

boscalid (Endura): 8.0 to 11.0 oz/A; PHI 7d (succulent), 21d (dry), REI 12h, Group 7. Do not make more than 2 applications per season.

cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12. Make the first application at 10-20% bloom. In some locations a single application at this timing will provide adequate disease control.

Coniothyrium minitans (Contans WG^OG): Apply 1.0 to 4.0 lb/A in 20 to 50 gal water; REI 4h, Group BM02. Spray on the soil surface and incorporate into the top 2" of soil. Fall application is best or 3 to 4 months before planting to allow for the biocontrol agent to infect the sclerotia of Sclerotinia. 

fluazinam (Omega 500F): 0.5 to 0.85 pt/A; PHI 14d succulent, PHI 30d dry and lima beans, REI 12h, Group 29. Make the first application at 10-30% bloom.

iprodione (Rovral 4F): 1.5 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 2. See label for restrictions. Limit 2 application per season.

penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 16.0 to 30.0 fl oz/A (succulent), 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A (dry); PHI 0d (succulent), 21d (dry), REI 12h, Group 7.

thiophanate-methyl (Topsin 4.5 FL): 20 to 30 oz/A; PHI 14d snap or lima and 28d dry, REI 24h (succulent) and 72h (dry), Group 1.

Trichoderma asperellum, T. gamsii (Biotam^OG): See label for in-furrow, drench, and broadcast rates; REI 1h, Group BM02.

Ulocladium oudemansii (BotryStop^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 lbs/A; REI 4h, Group BM02. Begin application when conditions are conducive to disease development.

Bacterial Diseases (Pseudomonas spp. and Xanthomonas spp.)

Bacterial leaf diseases include: bacterial bean blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli), bacterial brown spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae), and halo blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola). Plant disease-free seed from a reliable supplier. Eliminate wild cherries and lilacs near bean fields. Do not cultivate or harvest when plants are wet. Use a 2-year rotation. Plow under infected debris in fall.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M1. Do not apply with a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia^OG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A ground application; PHI Od, REI 4h, Group P5. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific application instructions.

Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV)

In addition to mosaic and lesions of the foliage, BCMV can also cause blackened roots. Several different strains of the virus are recognized; the symptoms and host ranges vary according to the strain. The virus can be seedborne and is transmitted by at least 12 species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner. Resistant varieties are available and constitute the most reliable means of control. Seed treatment, insecticides, and roguing of diseased plants are of little value.

Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV)

Many strains of this virus are known. Symptoms of BYMV are easily confused with BCMV. However, BYMV is not seedborne and unlike BCMV, BYMV is spread in a persistent manner by more than 20 species of aphids. Entire plantings may become infected, resulting in substantial losses in yield. Disease outbreaks are often correlated with the presence of virus-source plants such as sweet clover, white clover, crimson clover, and Gladiolus sp. Since the virus overwinters in legumes such as clover and vetch, beans should be planted at least 800 ft away. Insecticides applied early will reduce spread. Control weeds. Plant mosaic resistant varieties (see varieties list, page 124).

NOTES:  For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 26 and Insecticides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

All tolerances for chlorpyrifos in food crops were revoked in 2022, therefore products containing chlorpyrifos (e.g. Lorsban) cannot be applied to any food crop and growers CAN NOT use up existing stock.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Aphids

Several species of aphids may probe, feed and cause direct damage or transmit disease in dry or snap beans: soybean, bean, pea, yellow clover, and green peach aphid. Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) reproduces in soybeans but not green or dry beans; however, this species can colonize, inflict feeding injury and transmit virus to green and dry beans.  Soybean aphid is found on beans in New York and in the Midwest, with higher pressure in hot dry summers. It has been less important in New England but could increase, especially in soybean production areas. Virus diseases can be spread by aphids; however, using insecticides to control aphids is not effective for reducing these viruses. Generally, aphids in beans are controlled by natural enemies. Scout for aphids on undersides of leaves or terminal shoots. Treat only if aphids are well distributed throughout the field (50% or more of terminals with 5 or more aphids), natural enemies are lacking, and population is increasing. Use selective products for other pests to conserve natural enemies of aphids and to protect bees. Systemic insecticide may be used as seed treatment or at planting. Avoid planting beans near alfalfa or soybean.   See Peppers for more information about green peach aphid.

acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 2.5 to 5.3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A. Edible-podded and succulent shelled peas and beans only.

acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A; PHI 14d dried, 1d fresh lima, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Use on succulent green beans (snap) not permitted, except those grown for seed. Not labeled for control of Black Bean aphid.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.2 to 3.9 oz/A; PHI 1d succulent shelled or edible-podded, 21 d dried, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group un.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Succulent beans only.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 to 16 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For Pea aphid.

flonicamid (Beleaf): 2.8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12 h, Bee: L, Group 29.

flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group 4D.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 7d fresh; 21d dry, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 1.2 oz/A foliar, 7 to 10.5 oz/A soil; PHI 7d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 (PFR-97 20% WDG^OG): 1 to 2 lb/A foliar; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 7d fresh, 21d dry, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1 d fresh at up to 1.5 pt/A, 3d for over 1.5 pt/A; 14 d dry, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 100 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils.

sulfoxaflor (Transform WG): 0.75 to 1 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 4C. Do not apply until after petal fall.

thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS): 1.28 oz/100 lb of seed; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic seed treatment. For early-season protection from aphids. Use standard slurry seed treatment equipment which provides uniform coverage of seed.

Cutworms

Cutworm larvae may be dull gray, brown, or black and may be striped or spotted, depending on the species. Another distinguishing quality is their act of rolling into a tight C-shape if disturbed. The two major species are the variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia), which feeds on lower leaves and petioles, and the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon), which largely feeds at the soil surface and below on roots and lower stems. The black cutworm will occasionally feed on leaves. Both are nocturnal feeders and take refuge under soil clumps, stones, vegetation, and other places during the day. Cutworms find weedy or minimum-tillage fields especially attractive sites to lay their eggs. Seedlings are most affected; look for cut stems or foliage feeding. Scout across the field, as injury may be limited to a few small areas. Control is warranted if overall plant stand or survival is threatened.  Caterpillars hide under the soil surface adjacent to the plant stem during the day and feed on stems after dark. For best results, make application between midnight and dawn while cutworms are feeding aboveground. See cutworms in the Pepper and Tomato (Outdoor) sections for more information on the black and variegated cutworms.

acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A; PHI 14d dry 1 d fresh lima, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Use on succulent green beans (snap) not permitted, except those grown for seed.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 1.3 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d succulent shelled or edible-podded, 21d dried, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Succulent beans only.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 1.5 qt/A; PHI 3d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Most effective on species which feed on upper portions of the plant.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 5 to 8 oz/A; PHI 7d edible-podded and succulent shelled, 21d dried shelled, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. On snap beans, use only as a seedling spray. No restriction on dry beans.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.96 to 1.60 oz/A; PHI 7d fresh, 21d dry, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

spinosad (Seduce^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A or 0.5 to1 lb/1000 sq ft.; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Spread bait on soil around plants.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 1.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa zea), and Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusiani)

These caterpillars are occasional pests of bean in New England. See Sweet Corn for more details on European corn borer (ECB) and corn earworm (CEW), and Cabbage and Other Brassica Crops for more information on cabbage looper (CL). In beans, ECB eggs are laid under leaves and larvae feed in stems, then bore into pods. The bloom period is most attractive for egg-laying. If a preferred host such as corn is not available, eggs will be laid in beans. This may occur where early beans are planted after a corn crop the previous year, or where late beans are near a maturing corn crop when the second ECB generation emerges.  The most susceptible period in snap bean is from bud stage (about 26 days before harvest) to pod formation (12 days before harvest), and in dry bean is for the 4 weeks preceding the onset of pods drying. Infestation depends on synchrony of ECB flight and bean stage. The most effective timing for a single insecticide application is bloom or pod formation. CEW or CL may lay eggs in beans when migratory flights are very high. CEW or CL caterpillars feed on leaves, buds, flowers, and pods, often damaging the beans. CEW and CL feeding holes may be larger than ECB entry holes. The impact of these caterpillars on overall plant growth and yield is minimal, but the tolerance for caterpillar infestation is extremely low in processing beans where larval contamination must be avoided. The most practical and effective control for ECB is to avoid planting early beans where corn was grown the previous year or late beans near corn where ECB may emerge. Monitor moth activity in corn using pheromone traps or refer to pest alert networks to detect peak or high flights. Scout if flights are high during the susceptible period of bean growth, looking for wilted or chewed trifoliate leaves, larvae, or pod injury. There is no set threshold for treatment.

acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A for CL; 3/4 to 1 lb/A for ECB and CEW; PHI 14d dry, 1d fresh lima, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Not permitted for use on succulent green beans (snap), except those grown for seed.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.7 to 3.8 oz/A ECB and earworm, 3.2 to 3.9 looper; PHI 1d succulent shelled or edible-podded, 21d dried, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group un.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel). Looper only.

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari). Looper only.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Succulent beans only.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 0.5 to 1.5 qt/A; PHI 3d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. High rate for ECB. Not for CL.

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 5-7.5 oz/A soil at planting, 3.5-7.5 oz/A foliar; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. For ECB and CEW only.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 7d edible-podded and succulent shelled, 21d dried shelled, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN. Earworm and looper only.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d fresh, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Not for ECB on dry beans.  

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 7d fresh, 21d dry, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 7d snap; 21d dry, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d fresh at up to 1.5 pt/A, 3d for over 1.5 pt/A, 14d dry, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 16 oz/A for ECB and CL, 10 to 16 oz/A for CEW; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Use lower rates when plants are small or infestations are light.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 3 to 6 oz/A ECB, 4 to 6 oz/A CEW & looper; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Garden Springtails (Bourletiella hortensis)

Tiny (1/16") blue-grey insects that seem to hop like fleas. Important in the decomposition of dead plant matter. Occasionally, high populations feed on leaves of seedlings producing tiny pits in the leaf surfaces. Feeding resembles that of flea beetles. Plants may die of excessive water loss. Populations tend to be extreme in fields high in organic matter, with reduced-till systems, and with soils that crack when drying. Use clean cultivation and spot-treat areas where damage occurs. Most broad-spectrum insecticides registered for cutworms or leafhoppers will also control springtails.

ethoprop (Mocap* 15G): 13 to 20 lb/A for 36" row spacing or 0.9 to 1.4 lb/1,000 linear ft in a band 12 to 15" wide at planting; REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Incorporate in top 2" to 4" of soil. Do not use as seed furrow treatment. Treated beans may mature 1 to 2 weeks later. For snap and lima beans only. 

Japanese Beetles (Popillia japonica)

Beetles migrate from turf or pastures starting in July and skeletonize leaves.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 (PFR-97 20% WDG^OG): 1 to 2 lb/A (soil applications only); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

Mexican Bean Beetle (Epilachna varivestis)

Mexican bean beetle (MBB) most often builds up to damaging levels where snap beans are grown in the same or adjacent fields over successive years. Lima beans and dry beans are also susceptible, and MBB may feed in dry and edible-pod soybeans but are less likely to thrive on this host. Adults are copper-colored, oval, ladybeetles with black spots, 1/4-1/3 in. long. Eggs are orange to yellow in color, laid on the underside of leaves in clusters of 40-50.  Larvae are yellow with rows of branched, black-tipped spines. The pupa is attached to the leaf, lacks spines, and is yellow to yellow-orange. Adults spend the winter in hedgerows and move into fields in June. Adults and larvae skeletonize leaves and may cause pod damage if numbers are high.  There are 1-3 generations per year in New England, with newly emerging adults moving to the next succession planting of snap beans. A life cycle may be completed in 30-40 days during the summer. Populations are usually less abundant on early plantings and may not build to damaging levels until August. Prompt destruction of crop residue after harvest helps lower overwintering populations.  Avoid continuous production of beans in the same or adjacent fields year after year. Annual releases of the larval parasitoid Pediobius foveolatus, timed to coincide with egg hatch, can help control beetle larvae. The wasp will not survive our winters, so must be re-released each year, but reproduces and moves into later plantings. Parasitized larvae serve as pupal cases for the wasp, remaining on the leaf and turning brown. Scout for MBB by searching plants for adults, eggs and larvae, and assessing damage. Treat when defoliation exceeds 20% pre-bloom or 10% during pod development. The presence of adults, eggs and larvae indicates potential for further damage. Be sure to get coverage of the lower leaf surfaces. 

acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 2.5 to 5.3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A.

acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A; PHI 14d dry, 1d fresh lima, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Use on succulent green beans (snap) not permitted, except those grown for seed.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.7 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d succulent shelled or edible-podded, 21d dried, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group un.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 0.5 to 1 qt/A; PHI 3d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 5 to 8 oz/A; PHI 7d edible-podded and succulent shelled, 21d dried shelled, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 to 16 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 2.9 to 5.8 oz/A; PHI 3d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

kaolin (Surround WP^OG): 25 to 50 lb/A or 0.25 to 0.5 lb/gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Suppression and repellence only.  Use on seedlings and young plants, prior to pod set to avoid unsightly residue. Generally compatible as a tank mix with other insecticides.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.96 to 1.60 oz/A; PHI 7d fresh, 21d dry, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 12 to 48 oz/A; PHI 1d fresh at up to 1.5 pt/A, 3d for over 1.5 pt/A, 14d dry, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed. For beetle larvae only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS): 1.28 oz/100 lb of seed; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic seed treatment. Use standard slurry seed treatment equipment which provides uniform coverage of seed. For early-season protection from Mexican bean beetles.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. 

Potato Leafhopper (Empoasca fabae)

Adults are light yellow-green, 1/8" long, and wedge-shaped (wider at the head), while nymphs are bright green, flatter and wider than adults, and move sideways in a crab-like fashion. Adults lay eggs in stems and nymphs hatch and feed, passing through five instars before becoming adults. Presence of nymphs indicates an established population. Both adults and nymphs cause injury by injecting a toxin as they feed through piercing-sucking mouthparts. Potato leafhoppers (PLH) overwinter in Louisiana and vicinity and move north on storm fronts into the central states and then into New England on winds from the west. Arrival time varies with year and location, ranging from late May to late June. Low levels of leafhopper feeding can severely damage plants, especially at the seedling stage. Signs of injury begin with leaf veins turning pale, followed by yellowing or browning of areas of the leaf or leaf tips, which is known as ‘hopperburn’. Leaves become brown, curl up, and die. Plants and roots may be stunted and yields reduced or lost. This process may take less than a week. PLH may also vector many viruses. Scout using sweep net or observing adults flying up when plants are shaken. Nymphs can be counted on undersides of leaves. Seedling beans should be treated if they have 2 adults per foot of row. From 3rd trifoliate leaf to bud stage, treat when PLH exceed 1 nymph/leaflet or 5 adults per foot of row, and repeat application in 7-10 days, if necessary. Be sure to treat lower leaf surfaces. In fields where a systemic seed treatment was used (e.g. Cruiser), foliar treatment should not be needed before bloom.

acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG): 2.5 to 5.3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A. Edible-podded and succulent shelled peas and beans only.

acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A; PHI 14d dry, 1d fresh lima, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Not permitted for use on succulent green beans (snap), except those grown for seed.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.7 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d succulent shelled or edible-podded, 21d dried, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 1.6 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Succulent beans only.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 qt/A; PHI 3d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 7d edible-podded and succulent shelled, 21d dried shelled, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 to 16 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 2.9 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group 4D.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 7d fresh, 21d dry, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 1.2 oz/A foliar, 7 to 10.5 oz/A soil; PHI 7d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

kaolin (Surround WP^OG): 25 to 50 lb/A or 0.25 to 0.5 lb/gall; PH 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Suppression and repellence only. Use on seedlings and young plants prior to pod set to avoid unsightly residue. Generally compatible as a tank mix with other insecticides.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 7d fresh, 21d dry, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 12 to 48 oz/A; PHI 1d fresh at up to 1.5 pt/A, 3d for over 1.5 pt/A, 14d dry, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

paraffinic oil (Organic JMS Stylet-Oil^OG): 0.75 to 1.5 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS): 1.28 oz/100 lb of seed; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic seed treatment. Use standard slurry seed treatment equipment which provides uniform coverage of seed. For early-season protection from leafhoppers.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Seedcorn Maggot (Delia platura)

Seedcorn maggot larvae feed on the seeds and young seedlings of large-seeded crops such as corn, beans, and peas, as well as early seedlings of spinach, onions, brassicas, tomato, cucurbits, and other crops. They are the first maggot flies to become active in spring, about one to two weeks earlier than onion or cabbage maggot. The adults look like small, gray houseflies with a slightly hump-backed shape. The seedcorn maggot larva is yellow-white, up to 1/4" long, legless, and has a wedge-shaped head. Pupae are oblong, brown, and about 4to 5mm long. The seedcorn maggot fly overwinters in the pupal stage, in the soil where they fed in the fall. In early spring, the adults emerge and lay eggs on the soil surface.  Growing degree days, using a base temperature of 39°F (4°C), can be used to predict peak emergence of the first generation (360ºF GDD or 200ºC GDD).  Flies are attracted to volatiles released from freshly tilled soil, as well as to buried cover crop residues, rotting manure, compost, organic surface residues (as is found in reduced till), and organic amendments such as fish, soybean or cottonseed meal.  Previously injured or diseased plants may also attract egg-laying. The eggs hatch within 2-4 days at soil temperatures of 60°F, and 7-9 days at 41 to 45°F. Larvae burrow downward in search of food and penetrate seeds as the seed coat splits open.  Though there are 2-4 generations per year, it is the first generation that causes the most damage. The first symptoms are usually poor emergence of seeds or wilting of transplants that have lost their roots to feeding. Look for maggots and feeding tunnels inside seeds or stems to help distinguish damage from that of wireworm feeding or damping off. Crops that are planted in wet soil, or soil that is too cool to support quick germination and seedling growth, are especially susceptible to damage. Wait until soil conditions favor crop emergence and growth to help seeds and seedlings avoid or quickly recover from injury. Plant shallowly to promote rapid emergence. Where possible, incorporate cover crops, manure or compost several weeks before seeding.  Put earliest plantings in lighter, well-drained, sandy soils that warm up fast. Among bean varieties, those with a dark seed coat sustain less injury than white varieties. Use row covers to exclude flies, except where flies may have fed in fall cover or vegetable crops and could emerge under the covers. Preventive chemical treatments include commercially applied systemic seed treatments and in-furrow applications of insecticides. Rescue treatments are not effective. If there is enough damage to warrant replanting, wait at least 5 days if maggots are a quarter inch long; if they are smaller than that, wait at least 10 days to make sure they have pupated and will not damage the new seeds.

phorate (Thimet* 20-G): 4.5 to 7 oz/1000 ft of row; REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Apply granules in band over row and lightly incorporate. DO NOT place granules in direct contact with seed. Make sure granules are covered with soil. Do not feed treated crop residue to livestock.

thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS): 1.28 oz/100 lb of seed; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic seed treatment.  Use standard slurry seed treatment equipment which provides uniform coverage of seed. For early-season protection from seedcorn maggot.

Slugs

Damage appears as shredded foliage or fruit holes. Look for silvery slime trails on leaves or turn over soil clods or debris to find slugs during daylight hours. Grow plants away from moist, shaded habitats, use clean cultivation, control weeds, hand pick/crush slugs or scatter baits on the ground near infested plants. See the Cabbage section for more information on slugs.

iron phosphate (Sluggo: Slug and Snail Bait^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Apply around perimeter, scatter around base of plants, or band down rows. Apply to moist soil in the evening.

metaldehyde (Deadline Bullets): 20 to 40 lb/A; REI 12h, Bee: L. Soil surface treatment broadcast pre-planting, or band treatment between rows after formation of edible parts. Apply to moist soil in the evening. Do not apply directly to or contaminate edible portions of plants.

Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus lineolaris)

See Lettuce for information about tarnished plant bug.

acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A; PHI 14d dry, 1d fresh lima, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Not permitted for use on succulent green beans (snap), except those grown for seed.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.7 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d succulent shelled or edible-podded, 21d dried, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Succulent beans only.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 1.5 qt/A; PHI 3d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 7d edible-podded and succulent shelled, 21d dried shelled, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 (PFR-97 20% WDG^OG): 1 to 2 lb/A foliar; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 7d fresh, 21d dry, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d fresh at up to 1.5 pt/A, 3d for over 1.5 pt/A, 14d dry, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils.

sulfoxaflor (Transform WG): 1.5 to 2.25 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 4C. Do not apply between three days prior to bloom and until after petal fall.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae)

Also known as Red Spider Mite. Outbreaks are favored by hot, dry weather and may be triggered by the use of broad-spectrum insecticides that kill the numerous natural enemies of mites. Spider mites affect dry, lima and snap beans. Infestations begin on the lower portions of the plant and move upward. Watch for white speckling and bronzing on the upper surface of leaves (veins may remain green) and grayish webbing on the undersurface around leaf veins. Use a 10X hand lens to see mites. Avoid early-season, broad-spectrum insecticide applications for other pests; use selective products whenever possible. Registered products for mites on beans may not provide complete control of the pest. With most miticides, use 2 applications approximately 5-7 days apart, to help control immature mites that were in the egg stage and protected during the first application. Coverage of the lower surface of the leaves is important. If further applications are needed, switch to an alternate resistance group to help prevent or delay resistance.  For more information on TSSM management, see the Eggplant section.

abamectin (Agri-Mek SC): 1.75 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Must be mixed with a non-ionic activator type wetting, spreading, and/or penetrating spray adjuvant. Do not use binder or sticker type adjuvant.

acequinocyl (Kanemite 15SC): 31 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 20B. Succulent shelled bean only.

bifenazate (Acramite 50WS): 1 to 1.5 lbs/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group UN.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 to 16 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B.

fenpyroximate (Portal XLO): 2 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 21A.

neem oil (Trilogy^OG): 0.5 to 2% solution in 25 to 100 gal water/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 18. Avoid mid-day applications and ensure good coverage.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed.

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM Ultra): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils.

sulfur (Microthiol Disperss^OG): 3 to 10 lb/A; REI 24h, Bee:L, No IRAC classification. Check for sulfur sensitivity prior to treating the whole field; some varieties may be injured by sulfur.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d fresh, 21d dry, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Weeds may develop quickly because beans are slow to establish a canopy. Use a tine-weeder or a rotary hoe if there is not too much field residue for pre-emergent mechanical weed control. Do not cultivate when the beans are starting to emerge as seedlings are very fragile and can easily snap. Cultivate 3 to 4 times when beans are 2 to 3 inches tall until canopy closure. Bean taproots are easily torn from the ground during imprecise mechanical cultivation. To minimize damage to plants, do not cultivate when leaves are wet or just after they have flowered.

NOTE:  For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using. 

Stale Seedbed

See Stale Seedbed Technique for information on the use of these herbicides.

glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): REI 12h, Group 9. Rate based on target weed species. See label for info.

paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): restricted use. REI 12h, Group 22. Snap and lima only. Use 2–4 pts/A. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training listed on the following website https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training.... The training must be completed a minimum of every three years.

pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons).

Preplant Incorporated/Preemergence, before weeds germinate

dimethenamid (Outlook): PHI 70d, REI 12h, Group 15.  Dry beans only (including small whites, navy, black turtle soup, pink, pinto, great northern, red Mexican, red kidney, cranberry, and lentils). May be applied preplant surface, preplant incorporated, preemergence, or early postemergence (1st to 3rd trifoliate). As a single application, apply 12 to 18 oz/A on coarse-textured soil and 14 to 21 oz/A on finer textured soils. A split application may be used (10 to 14 oz/A per application, not to exceed 21 oz/A total).  Allow 14 days between applications. Will not control emerged weeds. Check with seed supplier for potential varietal susceptibility to injury.

EPTC (Eptam 7E): REI 12h, Group 15. Do not use on lima beans. Apply 2.25 to 4.5 pt/A prior to planting, incorporate immediately to a depth of 2" to 4". Soil surface must be dry. For nutsedge, incorporate 4" to 6" deep. Do not exceed 3.5 pt/A on green beans grown on coarse-textured soil.

ethalfluralin (Sonalan HFP): REI 24h, Group 3. Not registered in CT or RI. Apply and incorporate before planting 1.5 to 4.5 pt/A (rate based on soil texture and target weeds, see label) prior to planting to a depth of 2" to 3".

pendimethalin (Prowl H2O): REI 24h, Group 3. Apply 2 to 3 pt/A preplant and incorporate into the soil 2" to 3".  Rate based on soil texture; see label for details.  Do not apply after seeding.

s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum): REI 12h, Group 15.  Apply either preplant incorporated or to the soil surface just after seeding. See label for specific rates on different soil types and organic matter content (1 to 2 pt/A). May be tank mixed with either EPTC or trifluralin. Follow precautions on all labels when tank mixing. NOTE: Crop injury has been noted on both snap beans and lima beans from the use of metolachlor. Use of tank mixes, where the rate of metolachlor could be lowered, will decrease the likelihood of crop injury.

trifluralin (Treflan HFP): REI 12h, Group 3. Rate based on soil texture and crop, see label for details.  Incorporate 1 to 2 pt/A before planting (1 to 1.5 pt/A for snap and lima bean). Must be incorporated into the top 2 to 3 inches of the final seedbed within 24 hours of application.  Disc twice after spraying for satisfactory incorporation. See label for info on incorporation recommendations based on different equipment and single pass incorporation.

At Planting - Preemergence, before weeds germinate

clomazone (Command 3ME): PHI 45d, REI 12h, Group 13.  Snap beans only. Apply 6.4 to 10.7 fl oz/A to the soil surface after seeding but before crop emergence. Use lower rate on coarse soils. Will control annual grasses and many broadleaf weeds including common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, and jimsonweed. Combining with Dual Magnum will also control yellow nutsedge and pigweed. Some temporary crop injury (partial whitening of leaf or stem tissue) may be visible after crop emergence. Complete recovery will occur from minor early injury without affecting yield or earliness. See label for replanting restrictions.

halosulfuron (Sandea): PHI 30d, REI 12h, Group 2. Rates vary based on crop and application timing (0.5 to 1 oz/A for succulent beans (snap and lima) and 0.5 to 2/3 oz/A for dry beans). Use the lower rate on lighter textured soils. Can cause temporary stunting. Heavy rains following application will increase the potential for crop injury. Use of organophosphates can increase crop injury from halosulfuron.  See the label for other precautions and a list of weeds controlled.

• Preemergence: Can be applied as a preemergence after seeding and before crop emergence.
• Postemergence: Use postemergence after dry beans reach 1-3 trifoliate leaf stage or snap/lima reach 2-4 trifolate leaf stage, but before the crop flowers.  Treatments applied when beans are younger increase the risk of crop injury. Application after the third trifoliate leaf increases the risk of split set. Add a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 0.25% v:v (1 qt/100 gal) spray solution. Will control yellow nutsedge and many broadleaf weeds. Will not control lambsquarters postemergence.

Postemergence to Weeds

bentazon (Basagran): PHI 30d, REI 48h, Group 6.  Used postemergence on actively growing weeds.  Rate varies based on weed species targeted (1 to 2 pt/A). See label for info.  Apply after the first trifoliate leaf (three leaflets) has fully expanded to avoid crop damage. An effective treatment in an emergency situation to control certain broadleaf weeds and fairly effective against yellow nutsedge when 4" to 6" tall.

pelargonic acid (Scythe):  PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons). Use a 3 to 5% solution for annual weeds, a 5 to 7% solution for biennial and perennial weeds, and 7 to 10% solution for maximum burndown. Delivery rate for boom applications should be 75 to 200 gals of spray solution per acre; complete coverage of weed foliage is essential. Use a DIRECTED/ SHIELDED SPRAY; contact with crop will cause injury. For hand-held equipment, spray to completely wet all weed foliage but not to the point of runoff. Repeat applications as necessary. Tank mixes are allowed with this product. See label for complete details.

Postemergence Grass herbicides

clethodim (Select Max): PHI 30d dry beans, PHI 21d for snap beans, REI 24h, Group 1.  Will control grass weeds only. Apply to actively growing grasses.  See label for rate selection.  For dry beans, multiple applications permitted of 9 to 32 oz/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications, not to exceed 64 oz/A per year.  For snap beans, only a single application of 9 to 16 oz/A is permitted.  Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt per 100 gal of spray).  Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1/3-2/3% (0.44 to 0.85 oz per gallon) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

fluazifop (Fusilade DX): PHI 60d, REI 12h, Group 1.  Dry beans only.  For grass weed control only. Apply up to 24 oz/A.  See label to select rate based on grasses targeted for control. Allow for minimum 14-days between applications, and not to exceed 48 oz/A per year.  Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage). Add either crop oil concentrate (0.5-1%, 0.5-1 gallon per 100 gallons of spray) or nonionic surfactant (0.25-0.5%, 1-2 qt per 100 gal of spray).

quizalofop (Assure II): PHI 30d dry beans, PHI 15d snap beans, REI 12h, Group 1. Apply to actively growing grasses. Rate based on target weed species, see label for grass growth stage and rate selection.  Multiple applications permitted.  Allow at least 7 days between applications.  Do not exceed 24 oz/A per season for dry beans and do not exceed 14 oz/A per season for snap beans.  Apply with either crop oil concentrate or non-ionic surfactant. Do not apply when crop or weeds are under drought stress.

sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 30d dry beans, PHI 15d snap beans, REI 12h, Group 1.  Controls grass weeds only.  Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage).  Maximum 2.5 pt/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications.  Do not exceed 4 pt/A per year. Use with crop oil concentrate (2.0 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A).  Note that crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions. Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3 to 1.9 oz per gallon) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Leaf Spots and Blights (Alternaria, Ascochyta, Cercospora, Powdery Mildew)

Select resistant cultivars where available. Use cultural practices that minimize periods of leaf wetness such as plant spacing, planting in the direction of prevailing winds, and avoiding overhead irrigation. Promptly incorporate plant debris after harvest to speed decomposition.

azoxystrobin (Quadris): 9.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Applications of Quadris to leafy vegetables may cause phytotoxicity; proceed with caution with regards to tank mixes and adjuvants. Rates vary depending on crop and disease: see label for details. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides. 

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.75 to 2.0 lb/A. Beet ONLY; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch): 11.0 to 14.0 fl oz/A, PHI 7d (beet), 0d (chard) REI 12h, Groups 9 and 12. 

fluopyram plus pyrimethanil (Luna Tranquility): 8.0 to 11.2 fl oz/A, PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 9 and 12. 

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Merivon Xemium): 9.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A (beet), 4.0 to 11.0 fl oz/A (chard); PHI 7d (beet), 24h (chard), REI 12h. Groups 7 and 11. Use highest labeled rate for Cercospora. 

penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 4.0 to 5.5 fl oz/A (beet), 14.0 to 24.0 fl oz/A (chard); PHI 7d (beet), 3d (chard), REI 12h, Group 7.

propiconazole (Tilt): 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 3. Not labeled for powdery mildew on chard. 

pydiflumetofen plus fludioxonil (Miravis Prime): 6.8 fl oz/A (beet), 9.2 to 13.4 fl oz/A (chard); PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 7 and 12. 

pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 8.0 to 12.0 oz/A (beet), 12.0 to 16.0 (chard); PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.

Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia^OG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A ground application; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P5. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific application instructions. 

Swinglea glutinosa extract (EcoSwing^OG): 1.5 to 2 pts/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 01. Labeled for Alternaria leaf spot and powdery mildew.

trifloxystrobin (Flint): 2.0 to 3.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.

Downy Mildew (Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae )

Plant resistant cultivars where available. Use cultural practices that minimize periods of leaf wetness such as plant spacing, planting in the direction of prevailing winds, and avoiding overhead irrigation. Promptly incorporate plant debris after harvest to speed decomposition. 

ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12 h, Groups 45 and 40. Not labeled for beets.

azoxystrobin (Quadris): 12.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides. Not labeled for beets. 

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 (Stargus^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 44. Apply preventatively in a minimum of 50.0 gallons of water/A.

fluopicolide (Presidio): 3.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 43. Must be tank mixed with a fungicide with a different mode of action. Not labeled for downy mildew on beets.

oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Gold 200): 4.8 to 9.6 fl.oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 49. Begin foliar application prior to disease development. Not labeled for beets.

phosphorous acid (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/minimum 20.0 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 33. Do not apply to plants that are heat or moisture stressed. Do not apply directly to copper treated plants within 20-day interval to avoid plant injury.

pyraclostrobin (Cabrio): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not alternate with Quadris or Flint. Not labeled for beets.

Seed Decay

Plant on well-drained soil. Buy treated seeds. Do not use treated seed for food, feed or oil purposes.

fludioxonil (Maxim 4FS): 0.08 to 0.16 oz/100 lb seed; REI 12h, Group 12. For protection against seedborne and soil-borne fungi. Does not control Pythium and Phytophthora.

mefenoxam (Apron XL): 0.085 to 0.64 fl oz/100 lb seed; REI 48h, Group 4. For Pythium damping-off protection.

thiram (Thiram 42 S): 8.0 lb/100 lb seed; REI 24h, Group M 03.

NOTES:  For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 26 and Insecticides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Aphids (Myzus persicae or Aphis fabae)

Aphids may include green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) or bean aphid (Aphis fabae). See Peppers for more information about green peach aphid. Bean aphid favors plants in the Chenopodiaceae family (beets, chard, spinach, sugar beet) and feeds on a wide range of weeds (e.g. curly dock, lambsquarters, shephardspurse) as well as many other vegetables, but only rarely builds to damaging levels. Bean aphid adults and nymphs are dark olive-green to dull-black in color, with dark legs. They feed in young tissue of actively growing plants; high numbers can cause leaf curling and stunting. In general, using selective products for other pests will conserve natural enemies of aphids and prevent outbreaks. 

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2 to 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 4A. Swiss chard only.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.2 to 3.8 oz/A beets, 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A chard; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group un.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 5.1 to 6.4 oz/A on beets, 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A on Swiss chard; PHI 1d beets, 7d Swiss chard, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. Green peach aphid only. Swiss chard only.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting. For control of green peach and suppression of potato aphid only. Swiss chard only.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Swiss chard only.

dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 3 oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil; PHI 7d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, transplant or post-seeding drench, sidedress or through drip. For Swiss chard only.

flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 3d beets, PHI 0d chard, REI 12, Bee: L, Group 9C.

flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 10.5 oz/A for foliar application, 21 to 28 oz/A for soil application (Swiss chard only); PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group 4D.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil applications only.

malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1.5 to 2 pt/A beets, 1 to 1.6 pt/A Swiss chard; PHI 7d beets, 14d Swiss chard, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Swiss chard only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9A. Swiss chard only.

spirotetramat (Movento): 4 to 5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24h, Bee: M, Group 23. Must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant with spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and sytemicity; don't use sticker adjuvants. Controls immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility. Swiss chard only.

sulfoxaflor (Closer SC): 1.5 to 2 oz/A. Foliar applications only; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4C.

sulfoxaflor (Transform WG): 1.5 to 2.25 oz/A. Beets only; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bees: H, Group 4C.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 12 oz/A on beets, 5 to 11 oz/A on Swiss chard; PHI 30d Swiss chard, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment.

tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A. Except lettuce aphids. Swiss chard only.

Blister Beetles (Epicauta funebris and E. vittata)

The margined blister beetle, Epicauta funebris and the striped blister beetle, Epicauta vittata, are the most common blister beetles in the Northeast. These beetles have also been called the "old fashioned potato beetle". They attack chard, beet and spinach along with other vegetable crops including bean, eggplant, pepper, potato, sweet potato, tomato, and sometimes brassicas. They are very attracted to pigweed and other Amaranthus spp., and also feed in alfalfa and clover. Adults are soft-bodied, slender, long-legged beetles, about 5/8 in. long.  The section of the body between the head and the wings is distinctly narrower, giving the impression that the insect has a neck. The egg, larval and pupal stages occur in the soil, and grasshopper eggs are a favored food for larvae. There is one generation per year in the Northeast, and beetles overwinter as larvae in the soil. Margined blister beetles are dark gray or black with light-gray lines along the margins of the wings. They feed primarily on flowers and blossoms of plants, but may also feed on the leaves. Striped blister beetles are yellow to rusty orange with 2 black spots on the head and 2 black stripes dorsally on the thorax and the wings. They are mainly foliage feeders and often appear in large swarms, sometimes quite suddenly, and concentrate in one particular area of a field where they can cause significant feeding damage. Blister beetles contain an oily, caustic substance called cantharidin that protects them from natural enemies. In humans, it causes temporary blisters on the skin; in livestock, especially horses, consuming cantharidin causes severe injury and contamination of hay with blister beetles is a serious concern. Where local swarms occur in a crop, a single spot spray with a broad-spectrum insecticide registered for flea beetles on these crops effectively controls blister beetles.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group un.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

Cabbage Maggot

Floating row covers can be used. No insecticides currently registered. For more information see cabbage maggot in the cabbage section. 

Flea Beetles

Several species of flea beetles feed on beets and chard. Most have a wide host range and tend to be moving among various crops and weeds. Most are black. The species that feed especially on brassicas do not tend to feed on beets or Swiss chard.  Damage (small 'shot holes') is most common on seedlings but can occur on older leaves as well.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 1.8 to 3.8 oz/A beets, 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A chard; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group un.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 2.4 to 3.2 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Swiss chard only.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 5.1 to 6.4 oz/A on beets, 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A on Swiss chard; PHI 1d beets, 7d Swiss chard, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 0.5 to 1 qt/A; PHI 7d beets, 14d Swiss chard, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 3 oz/A foliar. Swiss chard only; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil applications only. Beets only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 12 oz/A on beets, 5 to 11 oz/A on Swiss chard; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone at planting/transplanting.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For Swiss chard only.

Leafminers (Pegomya hyoscyami and P. betae)

Spinach leafminer (Pegomya hyoscyami) and beet leafminer (P. betae) attack crops in the family Chenopodiaceae (chard, beet, and spinach). Spinach leafminer may also cause damage in Solanaceous crops. In beets, leafminer is only a pest if the leaves are marketed or pressure is high enough to reduce root growth. The fly overwinters as a pupa in the soil and the small (5-7 mm) gray hairy adult flies emerge from late-April to mid- May. The two species are similar, but beet leafminer adults are slightly larger and darker, and beet leafminers prefer laying eggs on beet leaves. Female flies lay oblong white eggs (<1mm) in neat clusters on the underside of the leaves. Eggs hatch in 3-6 days. The larva burrows between the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf and feeds, creating a slender, winding ‘mine’ or tunnel. This expands into large blotches of translucent, dead tissue across the leaf, with a white maggot inside. Damaged leaves are unmarketable. When fully grown, maggots usually drop into the soil to pupate. The entire life cycle takes 30-40 days and there are 3-4 generations per season, with peak activity periods in mid to late-May, late-June and mid-August. Leafminer is most important as an early spring pest, but when populations are high, overlapping generations can cause continuous season-long damage to succession-planted spinach, beets and chard. After August, pupae enter overwintering phase and won’t emerge until next spring. A commercially available biological control is the tiny wasp parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea, which is most often used against Liriomyza leafminers (see Celery section) but has also been known to control leafminers in chard. They work best in warm weather. 

For prevention, rotate beet, chard and spinach to new fields in the spring and during the growing season. Avoid spring plantings near tunnels where winter greens were grown. Control weed hosts including lambsquarter, nightshade, chickweed and plantain. Row covers protect the crop by excluding flies, but scout for eggs on transplants before covering. Scout spring transplants in the greenhouse and in the field for eggs, which are easy to spot on the underside of leaves. Treat when eggs are first observed. If tunnels and eggs are present, treat to prevent further damage. Scout again to determine if a second treatment is needed in 7-10 days. Use an adjuvant and ensure coverage of lower leaf surface. Some systemic insecticides are registered that may be applied to transplants or to the soil. Among organic products, spinosad has demonstrated efficacy when applied before egg hatch. Note that some products are labeled only for Swiss chard.

abamectin (Agri-Mek* SC): 1.75 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Must be mixed with a non-ionic wetting, spreading and/or penetrating spray adjuvant; do not use binder or sticker type adjuvant. Swiss chard only.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group un.

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 5.0 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May be applied to soil at planting, through drip chemigation and as a foliar spray. Swiss chard only.

cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. Swiss chard only.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting. Swiss chard only.

cyromazine (Trigard): 2.66 dry oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 17. Swiss chard only.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Swiss chard only.

dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 3 oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil; PHI 7d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, transplant or post-seeding drench, sidedress or through drip. Swiss chard only.

emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 3.2 to 4.8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Leafminer suppression on Swiss chard only.

Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 (PFR-97 20% WDG^OG): 1 to 2 lb/A foliar; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

paraffinic oil (Organic JMS Stylet-Oil^OG): 0.75 to 1.5 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Beets only.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Swiss chard only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d Swiss chard, 3d beet greens, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 4.5 to 10 oz/A beets, 6 to 10 oz/A Swiss chard; PHI 3d beets, 1d Swiss chard, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Control may be improved with the addition of an adjuvant. Do not apply to Swiss chard seedlings intended for transplant.

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 12 oz/A on beets, 5 to 11 oz/A on Swiss chard; PHI 30d Swiss chard, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting or shanked into root zone after transplanting or establishment. Suppression only and only on Swiss chard.

Slugs

Damage appears as shredded foliage. Look for silvery slime trails on leaves or turn over soil clods or debris to find slugs during daylight hours. Grow plants away from moist, shaded habitats, use clean cultivation, control weeds, hand pick slugs or scatter baits on the ground near infested plants. See the Cabbage section for more information on slugs.

iron phosphate (Sluggo: Slug and Snail Bait^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Apply around perimeter, scatter around base of plants, or band down rows. Apply to moist soil in the evening.

metaldehyde (Deadline Bullets): 20 to 40 lb/A; REI 12h, Bee: L. Soil surface treatment broadcast pre-planting, or band treatment between rows after formation of edible parts. Apply to moist soil in the evening. Do not apply directly to or contaminate edible portions of plants.

NOTE:  For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using. 

Stale Seedbed

See Stale Seedbed Technique for information on the use of these herbicides.

glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): REI 12h, Group 9.

pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons).

Herbicides Used Preemergence, before weeds germinate

cycloate (Ro-Neet): REI 48h, Group 15. Beets only. Not for use in  Vermont, Connecticut or Rhode Island.  Preplant incorporated.  Apply 1/2 to 2/3 gal/A 10 to 50 gallons of water per acre. Must be immediately incorporated into the soil to a depth of 2 -3” to prevent loss of the herbicide.  Use on mineral soils ONLY. Use lower rate on sandy soils. Use higher dosage rate on heavier soils. Works by interfering with seed germination and seedling development.  Will not control existing weeds. 

s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum): REI 12h, Group 15. MASSACHUSETTS, MAINE, and NEW HAMPSHIRE ONLY. Make sure the label for your state is available for download before using this product. This is a restricted label available only to growers who apply through the website www.syngenta-us.com/labels/indemnified-label-login and agree to a waiver of liability. Main target weeds for this registration are galinsoga and yellow nutsedge. All label instructions will be supplied after the application for use is completed.

Herbicides Used Postemergence, after weeds germinate

carfentrazone (Aim EC): REI 12h, Group 14.  Aim is a burndown herbicide and will injure any foliage it comes into contact with. Apply Aim to row middles of emerged crops with hooded sprayers to control emerged weeds, including crops grown on mulch or plastic.  Prevent any spray from contacting the crop, or injury will occur.  For best results, make application to actively growing weeds up to 4 inches tall and rosettes less than 3 inches across. Good coverage is essential for good control.  Apply up to 2 oz/A per application, and do not exceed a total of 6.1 oz/ per season. 

clethodim (Select Max): PHI 30d, REI 24h, Group 1.  Will control grass weeds only. Apply to actively growing grasses.  See label for rate selection.  Multiple applications permitted of 9 to 16 oz/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications, not to exceed 64 oz/A per year.  Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt per 100 gal of spray).  Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1/3-2/3% (0.44 to 0.85 oz per gallon) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

clopyralid (Stinger): PHI 30d, REI 12h, Group 4.  Beets only.  For postemergence control of weeds in the composite and legume families. Apply when beets are in the 2- to 8-leaf stage and weeds are young and actively growing. Common annuals include galinsoga, ragweed, pineappleweed, clover, and vetch. Perennial weeds controlled include Canada thistle, goldenrod species, aster species, and mugwort (wild chrysanthemum). Stinger is very effective on small seedling annual and emerging perennial weeds less than 2" to 4" tall, but is less effective and takes longer to work when weeds are larger. Use 0.25 pt/A (4 oz/A) to control annual weeds less than 2" tall. Use up to 0.5 pt/A (8 oz/A) to control larger annual weeds, and to suppress perennial weeds. Spray additives are not needed or required by the label and are not recommended. Stinger is a postemergence herbicide with some soil residual activity. Observe replant restrictions on the label or injury may occur from herbicide carryover.

pelargonic acid (Scythe):  PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons). Use a 3 to 5% solution for annual weeds, a 5 to 7% solution for biennial and perennial weeds, and 7 to 10% solution for maximum burndown. Delivery rate for boom applications should be 75 to 200 gals of spray solution per acre; complete coverage of weed foliage is essential. Use a DIRECTED/ SHIELDED SPRAY; contact with crop will cause injury. For hand-held equipment, spray to completely wet all weed foliage but not to the point of runoff. Repeat applications as necessary. Tank mixes are allowed with this product. See label for complete details.

sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 60d for beets, PHI 30d for chard, REI 12h, Group 1.  Controls grass weeds only.  Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage).  Use with crop oil concentrate (2.0 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A).  Note that crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions.  For beets, maximum 2.5 pt/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications.  Do not exceed 5 pt/A per year. For chard, maximum 1.5 pt/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications.  Do not exceed 3 pt/A per year. Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3 to 1.9 oz per gallon) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Alternaria Damping-Off

Buy seed certified as disease-free or treat with hot water at 122°F for 25 minutes (see Hot Water Treatment of Seed). Brassica crop seed is susceptible to seed vigor loss from hot water treatment. Seed should be treated as close to planting as possible.

Alternaria Leaf Spot and Head Rot

Alternaria leaf spot and head rot are caused by at least three species of the fungus Alternaria, and may be seedborne. Start with certified disease-free seed, or treat seed with hot water. Practice a 3-year crop rotation with all brassica crops. Take measures to decrease the amount of time that leaves are wet: increase row and plant spacing to improve air circulation and irrigate with overhead irrigation early in the mornings on sunny days or use drip irrigation instead of overhead irrigation. Control brassica weeds. Avoid working in fields when foliage is wet. Promptly incorporate plant debris after harvest, or mow if tillage is not possible in late fall crops. Differences in variety susceptibility exist but no resistant varieties are available. Avoid overhead irrigation to prevent broccoli head rot.

azoxystrobin (Quadris): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not repeat the application or rotate with other strobilurins. See label for list of allowed brassica crops.

azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole (Quadris Top): 12.0 to 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.25 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM 02. Disease suppression only. For improved control; mix or rotate with a chemical fungicide.

boscalid (Endura): 6.0 to 9.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. Maximum 2 applications per year.

botanical extract (Ecoswing^OG): 1.5 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 01.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group M 05.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 0.75 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M 01.  Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 9 and 12.

difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3 and 9. Apply in sufficient volume to achieve thorough coverage. 

fenamidone (Reason SC): 8.2 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.

flutriafol (Rhyme 2.08 SC): 5 to 7 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3.

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Priaxor Xemium): 6.0 to 8.2 fl. oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12 h, Groups 7 and 11.

mancozeb (Manzate Pro Stick): 1.6 to 2.1 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Group M 03. Cabbage and broccoli only.

penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 14.0 to 30.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h), Group 7.

polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.

potassium bicarbonate (PB 133, AKA MilStop^OG): 2.5 lb to 5.0 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. See label for small volume application rates.

pseudomonas chloraphis (Howler^OM): 2.5 to 7.5 lbs/A. PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 02. Use preventatively. 

pydiflumetofen plus fludioxonil (Miravis Prime): 11.4 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 7 and 12.

pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11.

triflumizole (Procure): 6 to 8 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 3.

Black Leg (Phoma lingam, Leptosphaeria maculans)

Black leg is a fungal disease of brassica crops. Use 3- to 4-year crop rotation. Start with certified, disease-free seed, or treat seed with hot water. Inspect seedlings for infection before planting out into the field. Take measures to decrease the amount of time that leaves are wet: increase row and plant spacing to improve air circulation and irrigate with overhead irrigation early in the mornings on sunny days or use drip irrigation instead of overhead irrigation. Control brassica weeds. Avoid working in fields when foliage is wet. Promptly incorporate plant debris after harvest, or mow if tillage is not possible in late fall crops.

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Priaxor Xemium): 6.0 to 8.2 fl. oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12 h, Groups 7 and 11.

iprodione (Rovral 4F): 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group 2. Broccoli ONLY.

potassium bicarbonate (MilStop^OG): 2.5 to 5.0 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. See label for small volume application rates.

pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11.

thiram (Thiram 42-S):  8 lb/A. Seed treatment; REI 24h, Group M3.

Black Rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris)

Black rot is a bacterial disease of brassica crops. Practice a 3-year crop rotation with all brassica crops. Start with certified disease-free seed or treat seed with hot water. Take measures to decrease the amount of time that leaves are wet: increase row and plant spacing to improve air circulation and irrigate with overhead irrigation early in the mornings on sunny days or use drip irrigation instead of overhead irrigation. Control brassica weeds. Avoid working in fields when foliage is wet. Promptly incorporate plant debris after harvest, or mow if tillage is not possible in late fall crops.

acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard): 0.5 to 1.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group P 01. Suppression only.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 0.75 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M 01.  Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 1.0 to 1.75 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Groups M 03 & M 01. Not labeled for cauliflower.

pseudomonas chloraphis (Howler^OG): 2.5 to 7.5 lbs/A. PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 02. Use preventatively. Not labeled for cauliflower.

Club Root (Plasmodiophora brassicae)

There is currently no way to eliminate club root from infested soil, but the pathogen can be slowed down by practicing a long crop rotation and increasing soil pH. Maintain soil at a pH of 7.0 to 7.2 by applying lime a maximum of 1000 lbs/A per application. Practice a routine 3-year rotation for all brassica crops; if club root is detected in a field, rotate out of brassicas in that field for 7 years. After a 7-year crop rotation, pH adjustment and fungicide applications may reduce the viable club root spores to below economic threshold levels of infection for many growing seasons to come. Cold, wet soils favor club root development and spore survival. Resistant varieties of some brassica crops are available. Prevent the movement of infested soil and irrigation water into uninfested fields.

cyazofamid (Ranman): 12.9 to 25.75 fl oz/100 gal (transplant drench); PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Tank mix with an organosilicone surfactant. Transplant soil drench or soil incorporation. See label for details.

fluazinam (Omega 500 F):  6.45 fl oz/100gal (transplant drench); PHI 7-50d, REI 12h, Group 29. Transplant soil drench or incorporation. PHI varies by crop. See label for details.

PCNB (Blocker 4F): Rate varies depending upon application method - see label; REI 12h, Group 14. For transplant applications, mix 3 pts into 100 gal water and use 0.5 to 0.75 pts solution per plant, based on severity of field infestation. Maintain agitation to hold product in suspension. For banded applications, apply as a 12-inch band, in 25 gal water per acre or 5.5 fl oz water per 100 ft of row based on 40-inch row spacing. For broadcast applications, apply in 30 gal water prior to planting. For all application methods, thoroughly incorporate into soil after application.

Downy Mildew (Hyaloperonospora brassicae)

Resistant varieties of some brassica crops are available. Take measures to decrease the amount of time that leaves are wet: increase row and plant spacing to improve air circulation and irrigate with overhead irrigation early in the mornings on sunny days or use drip irrigation instead of overhead irrigation.  

acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard): 0.5 to 1.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12 h, Group P 01.

ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 45 and 40.

azoxystrobin (Quadris): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.12 to 1.0 lb/A as a soil drench; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group 44. Suppression only. For improved control, mix or rotate with an approved chemical fungicide.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group M 05. See label for replant restrictions.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 0.75 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M 01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

cyazofamid (Ranman):  2.75 fl oz/A (foliar application); PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Tank mix with an organosilicone surfactant. 

dimethomrph (Forum): 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 40. Apply in combination with a labeled rate of another non-group 40 fungicide.

fenamidone (Reason SC): 5.5 to 8.2 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.

fluazinam (Omega 500F): 15.35 fl oz/A (foliar application); PHI 7d, REI 12-48h, Group 29. Cabbage and Chinese cabbage ONLY. REI = 48h for handset irrigation, 12h for all other activites.

fluopicolide (Presidio): 3.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 43. Tank mix with a fungicide from a different group.

fosetyl aluminum (Aliette WDG): 3.0 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 33. Do not mix with copper fungicides. Lower rates of Aliette (2 to 3 lb) can be used when tank mixed with another fungicide labeled for downy mildew control.

mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 1.0 to 1.75 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Groups M 03 & M 01. Broccoli and cabbage only.

mandipropamid (Revus): 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group 40. A spreading/penetrating type adjuvant must be added.

mefenoxam (Subdue MAXX): 25 to 50 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Group 4. Do not apply foliar sprays without a labeled tank mix partner.

mefenoxam plus chlorothalonil (Ridomil Gold Bravo): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Groups 4 and M 05. See label for plant-back restrictions and restrictions on certain crucifers.

oxathiapiprolin and mandipropamid (Orondis Ultra): 5.5 to 8.0 fl.oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Groups 49 and 40. Begin foliar application prior to disease development. Use higher rate when disease is present. A spreading/penetrating adjuvant must be added.

phosphorous acid  (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 33. Do not apply to plants that heat or moisture stressed. Do not apply directly to copper treated plants within 20-day interval to avoid plant injury.

potassium bicarbonate (PB 133, AKA MilStop^OG): 2.5 to 5.0 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 1h, Group NC. See label for small volume application rates.

pseudomonas chloraphis (Howler^OG): 2.5 to 7.5 lbs/A. PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 02. Use preventatively.

pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11.

Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia^OG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A ground application; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group P5. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific application instructions.

Fusarium Yellows

This fungal pathogen is soil-borne and may also be seedborne. Plant resistant varieties. Prevent the movement of infested soil to clean fields. Provide adequate fertility; potassium deficiency increases disease severity.

Seed Decay and Damping-off

Buy treated seed. Do not use treated seed for food, feed or oil purposes.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.125 to 1.0 lb/A at planting; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 02. Suppression only.

mefenoxam (Apron XL): 0.32 to 0.64 fl oz/lb seed; REI 48h, Group 4. For Pythium damping-off protection.

Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61 (MycoStop^OG): See label for rate information; REI 4h.

thiram (Thiram 42-S): 8.0 fl oz/100 lb.; REI 24h, Group M 03.

Wire Stem, Crater rot, and Head rot (Rhizoctonia solani)

Diseases of brassica crops in this section caused by R. solani include wirestem and damping-off (seedlings) and bottom or head rot (cabbage). Rhizoctonia can be carried on the seeds of most brassica species and is ubiquitous in most soils, where it survives indefinitely. Start with certified, disease-free seed. Practice good sanitation in transplant production – sanitize transplant trays between uses and keep production tools and hoses off of the greenhouse floor when not in use. Successful sanitation in transplant production prevents further need for fungicide drenches. Use treated seed for direct seeding into field. Practices that encourage rapid germination and establishment limit disease development. Avoid planting transplants too deeply. Rotate crops. Do not plant susceptible crucifers in fields with undecomposed crop residues. No highly resistant varieties are available. Fungicide treatments in the field have limited effectiveness.

PCNB (Blocker 4F): Rate varies depending upon application method - see label; REI 12h, Group 14. Pathogen referred to as Corticium solani on label.

polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.

Turnip Mosaic Virus

Turnip mosaic virus can infect most brassica crops but it is most commonly seen in Chinese cabbage and bok choy. It is spread by many species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner; therefore, insecticides are of little or no value in controlling its spread. This virus survives the winter in perennial weeds. It is spread by many species of aphids. Resistant cultivars include: Nabyeng, Kongng, Tip Top and Ta Feng. These cultivars may not be completely resistant and may have some intolerance to heat.

NOTES:  For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 26 and Insecticides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

All tolerances for chlorpyrifos in food crops were revoked in 2022, therefore products containing chlorpyrifos (e.g. Lorsban) cannot be applied to any food crop and growers CAN NOT use up existing stock.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

A spreader-sticker should be used with insecticides on these crops as it will help provide better coverage and more insecticide persistence.

Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)

Only crops and weeds in the brassica family are suitable hosts for cabbage aphid (CA).  Cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and Brussels sprouts are most severely affected, but other crops may become infested. Aphids tend to be more of a problem in fall plantings. Adults, both winged and wingless, and nymphs are grayish green with a dark head and short, dark cornicles, but appear more grayish white because the body is covered with a fine, white, powdery secretion. In fall, eggs are laid on the underside of leaves of the same crops or weeds that were fed on during the summer, and survive the winter on brassica host plants. This differs from the life cycle of many aphid pests of vegetables, where eggs are laid and overwinter on alternate hosts outside the field. Eggs typically hatch in April. Nymphs feed and develop into reproductive females who produce live young without mating. Winged adults disperse with wind and infest new crops. There are multiple summer generations and potential for huge population growth, especially where long-season crops are infested early. CA prefers to feed on young leaves, flower buds or seed stalks in the upper part of the plant and also feeds in developing Brussels sprout buds. Dense colonies may develop. Feeding injury includes wrinkled and downward-curling leaves, yellow leaves, reduced growth, contamination with aphid honeydew, and contamination of the marketable parts of the plant with aphids. CA can also transmit cauliflower mosaic and cabbage ring spot virus, among other viruses; transmission is non-persistent, with virus particles passed to new plants by probing. Natural enemies can suppress cabbage aphid populations, but may not be able to prevent high densities that may occur in cool fall weather. Cultural controls include soil incorporation of crop residues immediately after harvest or, for overwintering brassicas, before eggs hatch in spring. Control brassica weeds in or near fields. Check transplants to be sure they are clean. Use reflective mulch to repel aphids. Use selective products when controlling other pests to conserve beneficials. If CA is a consistent problem, systemic insecticides used at planting or sidedress may eliminate early infestations. Scout weekly to determine % infested plants, starting before harvested portions of the plant form. Treat if >10% of the plants are infested with aphids, especially after heads or sprouts begin to form. Or select 10 leaves at 10 sites for 100 leaves per field, and treat if >20% have aphids. Coverage of all leaf surfaces, buds and new growth is key. Waiting until there are heavy outbreaks or until just before harvest makes it hard to prevent loss of marketable yield.

Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) can also infest brassicas.  For more information, see green peach aphid in the Pepper section

acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A; PHI 14d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. For green peach aphid. For Brussels sprouts and cauliflower only.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2 to 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

afidopyropen (Versys): 1.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12 h, Bee: L, Group 9D.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN.

Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESO^OG): 8 to 32 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. Treat when populations are low and thoroughly cover foliage. Takes 7 to 10 days after the first spray to see control. Repeat applications may be needed.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 1 to 8 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN. Suppression only.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark):  6.75 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 to 16 oz/A for broccoli and cauliflower, 8 oz/A for kale and mustard, 16 oz/A Brussels sprouts; PHI 7d broccoli and cauliflower, 14d kale and mustard , 0d Brussels sprouts, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Broccoli, cauliflower, kale, mustard, Brussels sprouts only.

dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.32 oz/1,000 sq ft; 3.5 to 7 oz/100 gal; 7 to 14 oz/A; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi transplants only while in greenhouse. Not for field use.

dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A for foliar applications or 5 to 7.5 oz/A for soil applications to head and stem Brassicas. 2 to 3 oz/A for foliar application only to leafy Brassicas; PHI 1d foliar, 2PHI 1d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, transplant or post-seeding drench, sidedress or through drip. For head and stem Brassicas only. 

fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A Danitol 2.4EC + 3-4 oz/A Belay. Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging. For head and stem brassicas only; PHI 21d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3.

flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9C.

flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 12 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A soil; 1.3 oz/A foliar; PHI 21d soil, 7d foliar, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May need to make repeated applications. For enhanced and residual control, apply with companion labeled aphicide.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For head and stem Brassicas only. Suppression only.

malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1 to 2 pt/A for broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, kohlrabi; 1 to 1.6 pt/A for kale and mustard greens; 1.5 to 1.6 pt/A for collards; PHI 2d broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower; 7d cabbage, kale, collards, kohlrabi, mustard greens, REI 48h broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower; 24h kohlrabi; 12h collards, kale, mustard greens, Bee: H, Group 1B.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed.

pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9A. Selective control of aphids including cabbage aphid. Translaminar.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 100 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils.

spirotetramat (Movento): 4 to 5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: M, Group 23. Must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant with spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and sytemicity; don't use sticker adjuvants. Controls immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility.

sulfoxaflor (Closer SC): 1.5 to 2 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4C.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d leafy Brassica greens, 0d head and stem brassicas, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations.

tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12 h, Bee: H, Group 21A.

Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia ni), Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) and Imported Cabbageworm (Pieris rapae)

Diamondback moth (DBM) and imported cabbageworm (ICW) are pests throughout the growing season, while cabbage looper (CL) generally does not become a pest until mid- to late-season.

Imported cabbageworm (ICW) is the offspring of the cabbage butterfly, a daytime flyer often visible in brassica fields. Wings are white, and the forewing has a dark border and 1-2 round black spots. Eggs, laid singly on leaves, are about 0.125 in. long, light green or yellow, and slightly elongated, standing upright. Imported cabbageworm caterpillars are gray-green with a thin yellow line down the back, slightly fuzzy, reach 1.25 in. long, and are sluggish when touched. Feeding and resting occur on the underside of leaves, and larvae feed more heavily in the center or head of cabbage or broccoli. Damage includes round or ragged feeding holes and deposits of wet, green or brownish frass. The overwintering stage is the chrysalis (pupa), which is green or brown, smooth, with 3 pointed ridges on its back. There are 3-4 generations per year with adults first appearing in May.

Cabbage looper (CL) does not overwinter in New England but arrives in migratory flights from farther south. Generally, numbers are not significant until late July or August. Adult moths are mottled gray-brown, 0.75 in. long, with a distinct, round, silver-white mark on the wing. Bucket-type pheromone traps can be used to monitor moth flight. Eggs are globe-shaped, light green or yellow, and laid underneath the foliage. Caterpillars are light green, with wavy, white or light yellow lines down the back and sides, reaching 1.5-2 in. when full grown. Cabbage loopers of any size move like inchworms by raising the middle of their body in a characteristic "loop" shape. Feeding damage from older larvae consists of ragged, large holes in foliage, on both frame leaves and heads.

Diamondback moth (DBM) adults are small (<0.5 in.), light brown with a yellow diamond-shaped marking, and rest with their wings folded together like a tent. Adult moths are active at dusk and during the night. Caterpillars reach a length of 3/4 in., are light green, and are segmented and pointed at both ends. When disturbed they wiggle vigorously and may drop off the plant on a string of silk. Feeding causes small, round holes and tends to be spread across the foliage rather than concentrated in the head.

Incorporate crop residues shortly after harvest to reduce movement to successive plantings and reduce overwintering populations. Populations are suppressed by a wide range of natural enemies and there are several selective materials that control caterpillars and have minimal non-target effects (e.g. Xentari, Dipel, Coragen, Intrepid). Parasitic wasps that attack caterpillars include Cotesia rubecula on ICW and Diadegma insulare on DBM; their small white cocoons may be found on leaves.

Scout fields by checking leaves (top and bottom) on 25 plants across the field. In the Northeast, there is generally no need to treat young plants unless weather conditions delay plant development and at least 35% of them are infested with any of these pests. Treat plants between the start of heading and harvest if 20% or more of the plants are infested. The most critical time to scout and apply chemical controls is just prior to head formation. Use a 10-15% threshold throughout the season for kale, collards, mustard, and other leafy greens.

Do not use less than 50 gal spray material/A; higher volumes provide better coverage. Better coverage of lower leaf surfaces can be achieved by using drop nozzles. Use a spreader-sticker. Use selective materials to spare beneficials that help control aphids and caterpillars. DBM has become resistant to many synthetic and microbial insecticides.  Even if you are getting excellent control of this pest with the materials presently being used, you should alternate between effective materials to retard development of resistance. Newer materials and the aizawai strain of Bacillus thuringiensis will usually provide better control of resistant DBM than older products. Use transplants grown in New England to avoid importing DBM that have already developed resistance to one or more classes of insecticides.

acephate (Orthene 97): 1 lb/A; PHI 14d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. For Brussels sprouts and cauliflower only. DBM has developed resistance in some areas. 

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. For suppression of DBM only.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A DBM and ICW, 3.2 to 3.8 oz/A looper; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group un.

azadirachtin & pyrethrins (Azera^OG): 16 to 56 oz/A foliar, drench, and greenhouse applications; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Groups un & 3A.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. Particularly effective against DBM. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A DBM & ICW, 0.5 to 1 lb/A looper; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. Particularly effective against DBM. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).

Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESO): 16 to 32 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. Use high rate for CL. May be used alone or tank mixed with Bacillus thuringiensis products. Takes 7 to 10 days after application to see control.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.4 oz/A for CL and ICW, 2.4 to 3.2 oz/A for DBM; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 1 to 8 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 3d broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi, 14d Chinese cabbage, collards, kale and mustard greens, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. DBM and ICW only.

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May be applied to soil at planting, through chemigation and as a foliar spray. Do not apply more than twice to any generation of DBM.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

cryolite (Prokil Cryolite): 8 to 16 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group UN.

cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 10 to 17 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark):  6.75 to 13.5 oz/A for loopers, 5 to 10 oz/A for DBM and ICW; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting.

cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: H, Group 28.

emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 2.4 to 4.8 oz/A for DBM and ICW, 3.2 to 4.8 for CL; PHI 7d head and stem, 14d leafy brassicas, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Rotate to another product after 2 applications.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A for most species, 2.9 to 5.8 oz/A for ICW on broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and Chinese cabbage; PHI 3d broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, kohlrabi, 7d collards and mustard greens, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Use high rate for mustard greens. Not for DBM. On kohlrabi, not for ICW.

fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A. For CL and ICW on head and stem brassicas only. May be combined with DiPel DF to control ICW and CL on head and stem brassicas only - see label for rates; PHI 7d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3. 

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.77 to 1.28 oz/A for looper and ICW, 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A DBM; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem Brassicas only.

indoxacarb (Avaunt): 2.5 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 22. Use high rate for DBM. Add a wetting agent to improve spray coverage.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.96 to 1.6 oz/A for CL and ICW, 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A for DBM; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For head and stem Brassicas.

malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1 to 2 pt/A for broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, kohlrabi, 1 to 1.6 pt/A for kale and mustard greens; 1.6 pt/A for collards; PHI 2d broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, 7d cabbage, kale, collards, kohlrabi, mustard greens, REI 48h broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower; 24h kohlrabi; 12h collards, kale, mustard greens, Bee: H, Group 1B. Not for DBM except on collards.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A for CL and DBM, 0.75 to 3 pt/A for ICW on broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, 1.5 to 3 pt/A for ICW on Brussels sprouts, collards, kale, mustard greens; PHI 1d cabbage, 3d broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, 10d Chinese cabbage, collards, kale, mustard greens, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Not for ICW or DBM on Chinese cabbage.

novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): 6 to 12 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 16B. Not labeled for collards, kale.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 6.4 oz/A for Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cavalo broccolo and kohlrabi, 3.2 to 12.8 oz/A for broccoli, Chinese broccoli, cabbage and Chinese cabbage; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Not for other Brassica crops.

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 8 oz/A for ICW and CL; 12 to 16 oz/A for DBM; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Suppression only for DBM.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Efficacy improves with the addition of an adjuvant.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 3 to 6 oz/A looper & ICW, 1.5 to 4 oz/A DBM; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. See label for resistance management restrictions for DBM.

tebufenozide (Confirm 2F): 6 to 8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Use low rate for early season applications to young, small plants. Use of an adjuvant is recommended. Not for DBM.

tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1 d, REI 12 h, Bee: H, Group 21A.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A for DBM, ICW, 3.4 to 4.3 for CL; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Cabbage Maggot (Delia radicum)

Cabbage root maggot is a pest of all types of brassicas, but is particularly damaging in cabbage, broccoli, Chinese cabbage, radish, turnips, and rutabaga. The first flight in April and May damages early spring brassicas, and the third flight from mid-August into September primarily injures fall root crops. Flies overwinter as pupae near roots of fall brassica crops and weeds. Adult flies become active at about 288 growing degrees days (GDD, base temperature 40°F), which occurs 1-2 weeks after forsythia starts to bloom and when yellow rocket (winter cress, Barbarea vulgaris) blooms. Fifty percent emergence (peak flight) occurs at about 450 GDD (base 40°F). Adult flies are delicate, hump-backed, gray-brown flies with long legs, about 5-7 mm long. Small (1.1mm), white, bullet-shaped eggs are laid singly or in clumps in the top 1-3 inches of soil, near the stem. Wet areas with heavy or rich soil are attractive for egg-laying. Maggots are white with black mouth hooks, feed on roots, and grow to 8 mm. The oval, brown pupae are found close to the roots. There are 2 to 3 generations per year in New England. Root damage causes plants to wilt, turn yellow or purple, become stunted or delayed, or die. Early infestation and large pest populations increase plant losses. Eggs are killed by exposure to soil temperatures above 95°F for several days in a row, especially in dry soil. Often these conditions occur in late May or early June.

Incorporate and disk brassica crop residues after harvest to expose and kill pupae, especially in the fall. Rotate spring crops to fields that were not planted with brassicas the previous fall. Avoid spring applications of manure or compost, which increase attractiveness of the field for egg-laying.  Avoid wet fields or sections of the field. Protect spring crops with spunbonded row covers, and use covers only on rotated fields, or else the flies will emerge under the covers.  Place covers over the crop at the time of seeding or transplanting and seal the edges with soil. Time your seeding or transplanting to avoid exposing young plants to peak flight periods; delay spring crops until after peak flight and when soils warm up. 

Most labeled materials are labeled only for use pre-plant, at the time of planting or seeding—either in the seed furrow or as a transplant drench—or immediately after setting transplants. Use pre- or at-plant treatments only if damaging populations are expected, such as in fields with high organic matter or a history of infestations. Scout transplant trays before setting out plants in the field. Treat transplants if eggs are found, either in the tray, in transplant water, or as a post-plant drench, as labels allow. A pencil is a good tool to gently stir the soil at the base of the plant and look for eggs. Yellow sticky cards placed near brassicas capture adult flies, and along with GDD, are a good indicator of the onset of adult flight. Scout for eggs—in transplant trays and the field—as soon as flies are active. In the field, finding an average of 1egg per plant can indicate a damaging population. Again, control options are limited once plants are in the field, but scouting to understand infestation levels can help inform management decisions in future plantings. Resistance to organophosphate (group 1B) insecticides has been documented; rotate among chemical classes where possible to retard development of resistance. 

bifenthrin (Capture LFR): 3.4 to 6.8 oz/A; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3. Apply as a 5 to 7-inch T-band over the open seed furrow, or in-furrow with the seed.

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May only be applied as transplant water treatment to soil at planting. For suppression only.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark):  10 to 13.5  oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting.

diazinon (Diazinon* AG500): Pre-plant incorporation applications: 2 to 3 qt/A; transplant water drench applications: 4 to 8 oz/50 gal water; PHI 7d, REI 4 days, Bee: H, Group 1B. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower only. Transplant water treatments may result in stand reduction due to plant stress at time of transplanting.

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. For direct seeded crops, apply directly to base of plants and adjacent soil when crop has developed to the two true leaf stage, and make second application 2-3 weeks later. For transplanted crops, apply immediately after transplanting and make second application 2-3 weeks later. A third application may be needed under high cabbage root maggot pest pressure conditions, such as when there is a large amount of debris from a previous brassica crop or when adjacent brassica fields are being harvested. For optimum control, direct the spray in a narrow band at the base of the plants. Do not make more than three applications of Group 5 insecticides (spinetoram and spinosad) per crop cycle for cabbgage root maggot suppression. For brassica leafy vegetables only (e.g., broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale). Not for brassica roots (e.g., radish, turnip). 

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. For direct seeded crops, apply directly to base of plants and adjacent soil when crop has developed to the two true leaf stage, and make second application 2-3 weeks later. For transplanted crops, apply immediately after transplanting and make second application 2-3 weeks later. A third application may be needed under high cabbage root maggot pest pressure conditions, such as when there is a large amount of debris from a previous brassica crop or when adjacent brassica fields are being harvested. For optimum control, direct the spray in a narrow band at the base of the plants. Do not make more than three applications of Group 5 insecticides (spinetoram and spinosad) per crop cycle for cabbgage root maggot suppression. For brassica leafy vegetables only (e.g., broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale). Not for brassica roots (e.g., radish, turnip). 

tolfenpyrad (Torac): 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A.

Cabbage Whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella)

An emerging pest in the Northeast United States, cabbage whitefly originates from Europe and is a pest in many areas of the world. Adults are small (1.5 mm) with white wings, and can be distinguished from greenhouse and sweet potato whitefly by two gray blotches on each forewing. Eggs are laid in a half-moon or circular pattern on the undersides of leaves. Immature stages are flat and scale-like. Both adults and nymphs feed on plant sap. Large populations will reduce plant vigor and quality, and adults and nymphs deposit honeydew on leaf surfaces on which sooty mold grows. Cabbage whitefly feeds and reproduces on brassicas, as well as other crops and weeds such as alfalfa, fava bean and dandelion. Preferred hosts are kale and Brussels sprouts.  

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 3.2 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For suppression of adults only.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

chlothianidin (Belay): 3 to 4 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12 h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Suppression only.

cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A at planting, 6.75 to 10 oz/A chemigation; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting, drip chemigation, or soil injection. Allow 1-3 days for material to be translocated into aerial portions of the plant. When populations are high, use a foliar control during this period.

dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil for heading brassicas, 2 to 3 oz/acre leafy; PHI 1d foliar, PHI 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, transplant or post-seeding drench, sidedress or through drip.

flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 10.5 to 14 oz/A foliar, 21 to 28 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 45d soil, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group 4D.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A soil, 1.3 oz/A foliar, 0.44 oz/10,000 plants on seedling transplants in greenhouse; PHI 21d soil, PHI 0d foliar, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Planthouse applications only provide short-term protection; an additional field application must be made within 2 weeks following transplanting to provide continuous protection.

insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May need to make repeated applications. For enhanced and residual control, apply with a companion labeled insecticide.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.3 to 1.9 oz/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only. Head and stem brassicas only.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed.

pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9A. Suppression only. Apply when whiteflies first appear.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee:M, Group 3A.

pyriproxyfen (Knack): 8 to 10 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12 h, Bee: L, Group 7C. Insect growth regulator, only effective on immature stages.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 3.0 to 5.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used in an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seedling root zone during or after transplanting operations.

spiromesifen (Oberon 2SC): 7 to 8.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 23. Most effective on immature stages.

Cross-striped Cabbageworm (Evergestis rimosalis)

Formerly restricted to areas south of New England, this insect is now a significant pest of brassicas in CT, RI and MA. It has 2 to 3 generations per year and is most abundant on late-season plantings. Unlike the other major caterpillar pests on brassicas, the cross-striped cabbageworm (CSC) lays its eggs in batches (3-25) rather than singly, so caterpillars emerge in clusters. Egg batches are yellow, flattened, overlapping like fish scales, and attached to the lower leaf surfaces. Larvae grow to 3/4 in. long in 2-3 weeks. The caterpillars are light bluish-grey on top and green underneath, with numerous black bands across their backs and a yellow stripe down each side. Pupation takes place in soil, near the surface. Caterpillars produce small holes in leaves until only veins remain, or target terminal buds and sprouts, or may burrow into heads. Plants with larvae present are often completely skeletonized, while adjacent plants may be left undamaged. Plow under debris after harvest and control wild mustard and Shepherd's purse to help reduce pest populations. Scout weekly for caterpillars and damage. Spray if 5% of the plants are infested with CSC. Use selective insecticides to preserve parasitic wasps.

azadirachtin & pyrethrins (Azera^OG): 16 to 56 oz/A foliar, drench, and greenhouse applications; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Groups UN & 3A.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May be applied to soil at planting, through chemigation and as a foliar spray.

cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: H, Group 28.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo ^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 2.4 to 4.8 oz/A; PHI 7d heading and stem, 14d leafy brassicas and turnip greens, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Rotate to another product after 2 applications.

fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3. For head and stem brassicas only. May be combined at with Dipel DF for control of other caterpillars. See label for rates.

indoxacarb (Avaunt): 2.5 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 22. Add a wetting agent to improve spray coverage.

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 8 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

tebufenozide (Confirm 2F): 6 to 8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Use low rate for early season applications to young, small plants. Use of an adjuvant is recommended.

Cutworm

See cutworms in the Pepper and Outdoor Tomato sections for more information on the black and variegated cutworms.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

carbaryl (10% Sevin Granules): 20 lb/A; PHI 3d broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi, 14d Chinese cabbage, collards, kale, mustard greens, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. For broadcast treatment only. Use within 30 days of crop emergence or transplanting.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

cryolite (Prokil Cryolite): 8 to 16 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee:L, Group UN.

diazinon (Diazinon* AG500): 2 to 4 qt/A broadcast and incorporate before planting; REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collards, kale, mustard greens and cauliflower.

esfenvalerate (Asana*XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d, PHI 7d collards, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, collards only.

fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3. For head and stem brassicas only.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.77 to 1.28 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem Brassicas only.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.96 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For head and stem Brassicas only.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 1d cabbage, 3d Brussels sprouts and cauliflower, 10d collards, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. For variegated cutworm only.

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Suppression only.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Cabbage and Chinese cabbage only.

spinosad (Seduce^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A or 0.5 to1 lb/1000 sq ft; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Spread bait on soil around plants.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Flea Beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae and P. striolata)

In New England, two species are found on brassicas: the crucifer flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae), which is uniformly black and shiny, about 2 mm in length; and the striped flea beetle (P. striolata), which is black with 2 yellow stripes on its back. These two species feed only on brassicas, and attack all types of brassica crops and weeds.  Populations have increased over the past twenty-five years, so that on many farms flea beetle is a key pest of brassicas. Adult beetles overwinter outside cropped fields, in the soil surface and decaying plant residue of shrubby or woody borders. They search out host crops from early May into June and feed on leaves and stems, leaving small round pits and holes. Beetles hop quickly off the plant when disturbed. Eggs are laid in soil near the plant. Tiny white larvae feed on root hairs and pupate underground. New adults emerge from mid-July through early August and feed throughout August. Spring crops are damaged by over-wintered adults, while fall crops are damaged by summer adults, but it may be difficult to distinguish the generations when pressure is severe. Feeding generally declines in September, as adults leave fields for overwintering. There may be a small second generation of adults, which emerges in late September. Heavy feeding can kill seedlings, and moderate damage can stunt growth, delay maturity, reduce yield, and make crops unmarketable. Crops with more waxy leaves (Brassica oleracea such as cabbage, broccoli, and kale) are less attractive and feeding is more restricted to leaf margins, especially as crop matures. Crops with glossy leaves (e.g. B. rapa such bok choy, Napa cabbage, or B. juncea such as mustard) are highly attractive; the whole leaf is damaged and the crop is susceptible until harvest.

Escape peak adult activity and avoid the buildup of high populations by rotating spring crops as far as possible from last season's fall brassica crops, and planting late-season crops far from early brassicas. Where feasible, avoiding all early brassicas (until July) can be used to break the reproductive cycle. Incorporate and till crops immediately after harvest to expose and kill larvae and pupae. Provide adequate water and nutrients for crop growth. Avoid soil compaction. Floating row covers provide excellent protection of the crop if well secured with soil or bags around all edges immediately after seeding or transplanting. Remove and replace the same day for cultivation, as needed. Use attractive brassica types (B. rapa or B. juncea) on borders or within the field as a trap crop to draw beetles from less attractive types. Spray the trap crop to suppress beetles in the whole field, and to protect the trap crop for harvest. Scout across the field by counting beetles from above, then under the leaves, and estimating % leaf damage. Because brassica crops differ greatly in susceptibility and attractiveness there is no fixed economic threshold that applies to all crops and crop stages. A working threshold of 1 beetle per plant or >10% average leaf damage on 50% of the plants has proved effective in leafy greens and early stages of heading brassicas. Repeated applications may be needed if pressure is high.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN.

azadirachtin & pyrethrins (Azera^OG): 16 to 56 oz/A foliar, drench, and greenhouse applications; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Groups UN & 3A.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 2.4 to 3.2 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 0.5 to 1 qt/A; PHI 3d cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, 14d kale, collards, Chinese cabbage, mustard, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

cryolite (Prokil Cryolite): 8 to 16 lb/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group UN.

cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark):  6.75 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting.

cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: H, Group 28.

dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 4 oz/A for foliar application to head and stem brassicas, 2 to 3 oz/A for foliar application to leafy brassicas; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 3d, 7d collards, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, collards only.

fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.66 to 16 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24, Bee: H, Group 3. For head and stem brassicas only. Do not apply during bloom or if bees are actively foraging.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Head and stem brassicas only.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 1.3 oz/A; PHI 7d foliar, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Foliar applications only.

kaolin (Surround WP^OG): 25 to 50 lb/A or 0.25 to 0.5 lb/gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Suppression and repellence only. May be applied to transplants prior to setting in field. Use on seedlings and young plants. White residue is difficult to wash off leaves and heads; use only on very young leaves or leaves that will not be harvested.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For head and stem brassicas.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Cabbage and Chinese cabbage only.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed. For beetle larvae only. 

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 4 to 8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Suppression only.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d leafy brassica greens, PHI 0d head and stem brassicas, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations.

tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci)

Onion thrips can be a significant problem on cabbage, where thrips feed on inner leaves of the head which are difficult to target by spraying. Damage may also occur on leafy brassicas such as broccoli, kale and collard, especially fall crops that are planted near a maturing onion crop.  Thrips cause rough, golden or brown scars to form on the underside of open leaves, or produce scars and discolored layers within cabbage heads. Inspection with a 10X lens shows wounds to the epidermis from the rasping mouthparts, and scars from wounds that healed over.  Thrips damage can be confused with oedema, a physiological disorder. See onion thrips in the Onion section for more information on identification, life cycle and management.  Damage is most severe in hot, dry weather.

Tolerant varieties are the most cost-effective means of controlling thrips in cabbage. Varietal resistance is generally not available in other brassicas. Consult your seed suppliers and search recent research trials regarding thrips tolerance on new varieties.

Avoid thrips by not planting cabbage or fall brassica crops near alliums (onion family), or field crops such as alfalfa, clover, wheat, or oat that can harbor large populations of thrips, which may migrate to brassicas when these crops are cut or harvested. Scout young plants for presence and feeding injury. Begin applications when damage is first noticed; in cabbage, apply foliar treatments before heads form. In fall brassicas, the need for thrips controls may coincide with sprays for flea beetle or caterpillars and some insecticides control both.  Repeat applications at 7- to 10-day intervals based on scouting. Use a shorter interval in hot, dry weather. Use spreader-sticker for better coverage. Apply in early evening, using high pressure and 100 gal water/A for best results. Systemic insecticides applied as a side dress up to 4-6 weeks after transplanting may provide adequate control in long-season cabbage. Rotate between insecticide groups to help prevent or delay resistance.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.  Applications during the "cupping" stage of cabbage may be especially helpful in preventing injury.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 3.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group un.

Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol ESO): 8 to 32 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN. Thoroughly cover foliage. Takes 7 to 10 days after application to see control.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. Suppression only.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark):  6.75 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting. Suppression only.

dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.32 dry oz/1,000 sq ft or 7 to 14 oz/A; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi transplants only while in greenhouse. Not for field use. Suppression only.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only. Head and stem Brassicas only.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil applications only.

insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May need to make repeated applications. For enhanced and residual control, apply with companion labeled inseccticide.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For head and stem brassicas. Suppression only.

novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): 12 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 16B. For head and stem brassicas.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 6.4 oz/A for brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cavalo broccoli, kohlrabi; 3.2 to 12.8 oz/A for broccoli, Chinese broccoli; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Not for other brassicas.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Apply as needed.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Efficacy improves with the addition of an adjuvant.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 4 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Efficacy improves with the addition of an adjuvant.

sulfoxaflor (Closer SC): 5.75 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4C. Suppression only.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 3 to 5.5 oz/A; PHI 7d leafy brassica greens, 0d head and stem brassicas, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Slugs

There are several species of slugs that damage vegetable crops in New England, including grey garden, banded, marsh and spotted garden slugs.  They may be dark gray, black, yellow or brown, covered with spots, and range from ¾ to nearly 4" long. Eggs may be laid several times per year, and slugs reach maturity in 3-6 months. They can become abundant in low- and no-till situations, in land that was recently fallow, along hedgerows, or wherever plant debris, mulches, stones or boards provide cover and daytime hiding places. Slugs usually feed at night but may also feed during the day during prolonged periods of cloudy wet weather. They are attracted to succulent leaves in moist environments, such as cabbage, pak choi, and Chinese cabbage. They will also feed on fruiting crops such as tomato, pepper and eggplant. Damage appears as shredded foliage or shallow fruit holes. They have a rasp-like tongue that wears a hole through the leaf instead of making a clean cut like a caterpillar or beetle. On some thick-leaved brassicas such as cabbage, the hole will appear larger on one leaf surface and taper to a smaller hole in the opposite surface.  Scout by looking for silvery slime trails on leaves or turn over soil clods or debris to find slugs during daylight hours, or scout plants after dusk. Slug populations can also be monitored with unbaited traps consisting of 6 in. deep holes covered with foil-covered shingles, which provide a cool hiding place during the day. To control slugs use habitat and cultural management supplemented by handpicking or trapping (on a small scale), repellents and toxic baits.  Grow plants away from moist, shaded habitats, use clean cultivation, control weeds, and eliminate hiding places.  Use trickle irrigation instead of overhead to reduce humidity and moist surfaces. On a small scale, handpick slugs after dusk using gloves and drop slugs in soapy water; repeat for several days. Baits should be applied to the ground near infested plants. It may be necessary to reapply after a rain, or make multiple applications when populations are high.

iron phosphate (Sluggo: Snail and Slug Bait^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Apply around perimeter, scatter around base of plants, or band down rows. Apply to moist soil in the evening.

metaldehyde (Deadline Bullets): 20 to 40 lb/A; REI 12h, Bee: L. Soil surface treatment broadcast pre-planting, or band treatment between rows after formation of edible parts. Apply to moist soil in the evening. Do not apply directly to or contaminate edible portions of plants.

Swede Midge (Contarinia nasturtii)

A serious pest of crucifers in Europe. Recently introduced into North America, currently established in northwestern Vermont, with range expanding southward and eastward. Adults are tiny (1/16 in.), weak-flying, brown flies, while larvae are translucent maggots when small and turn yellow as they grow to 1/8 inch. They spend the winter as pupae in the top 2 in. of soil. Maggots infest the tissue near the growing tip and produce malformed plants with brown corky tissue, galls, no-heads, multi-heads, and twisted leaf petioles. Damage is most severe on broccoli, Chinese broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and brassica greens. There may be 3-4 generations each year. Scout young plants near field borders and tree lines prior to heading or at the pre-cupping stage. Avoid importing infested plants by using New England-grown transplants. Use a 3-year crop rotation. Plant spring brassicas at least 1/2 mile from fall brassica fields. Deep plowing destroys pupae. Spring plantings may avoid peak populations later in the season. If possible, plant away from tree lines that shelter weak-flying adults. Report and confirm infestations to a state IPM specialist or to the diagnostic lab.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4.

azadirachtin & pyrethrins (Azera^OG): 16 to 56 oz/A foliar, drench, and greenhouse applications; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Groups UN & 3A.

Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 1 to 8 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN. Suppression only.

spirotetramat (Movento): 4 to 5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: M, Group 23. Must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant with spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and sytemicity; don't use sticker adjuvants. Controls immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility.

NOTE:  For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using. 

Stale Seedbed

See Stale Seedbed Technique for information on the use of these herbicides.

glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): REI 12h, Group 9.

paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): restricted use. REI 12h, Group 22. Broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower only. Use 2 – 4 pts/A. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training listed on the following website https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training.... The training must be completed a minimum of every three years.

pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons).

Herbicides Used Preemergence, before weeds germinate

bensulide (Prefar 4E): REI 12h, Group 0.  Apply 5 to 6 qt/A.  Can be preplant incorporated by shallow cultivation (1-2”) or applied preemergence and incorporated by irrigation within 36 hours of application. Grass control only; should be supplemented with cultivation or another registered herbicide for broadleaf control. See label for rotation restrictions.

DCPA (Dacthal W-75): REI 12h, Group 3.  Apply 6 to 14 lb/A at seeding or transplanting. Can be sprayed over transplants without injury. For collards, kale, broccoli raab and other leafy crops apply at seeding.  Will not control ragweed, galinsoga or smartweed. Use lower rates on sandy soils.

napropamide (Devrinol 2-XT): REI 12h, Group 0. Apply up to 2 qt/A to a weed-free surface. A higher rate is permitted for use on broccoli in Maine only.  See label for details.  May be applied to direct seeded and transplanted crop as preplant incorporated or as a surface spray after planting. Must be shallow incorporate or incorporated thoroughly with irrigation if adequate rainfall does not occur within 24 hours of application (sufficient water to wet soil to a depth of 2" to 4").

oxyfluorfen (Goal): REI 24h, Group 14.  Pre-transplant application only to broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower.  Apply 1 to 2 pt/A after completion of soil preparation but prior to transplanting. Do not incorporate. May cause temporary crop injury, and can cause severe crop injury if not applied properly. Read product label carefully before applying. 

pendimethalin (Prowl H2O): PHI 60d for broccoli, PHI 70d for all others, REI 24h, Group 3.  Use as a postemergence-directed spray on the soil beneath plants and between vegetative rows of brassica head and stem vegetables. Apply a single application of up to 2.1 pt/A.  For transplants, apply when crop is at the 2 to 4-leaf stage 1 to 3 days after transplanting.  For direct-seeded crops, apply when crop is at the 2 to 4-leaf stage.  Apply DO NOT spray foliage or stems because crop injury will occur. If rainfall or irrigation does not occur, mechanically incorporate to activate the herbicide. Apply before weed germination. Emerged weeds will not be controlled.

s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum): REI 12h, Group 15.  MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW HAMPSHIRE: Broccoli, cabbage, and leafy brassica greens only.  MAINE: cabbage only. Make sure the label for your state is available for download before using this product. This is a restricted label available only to growers who apply through the website www.syngenta-us.com/labels/indemnified-label-login and agree to a waiver of liability. Main target weeds for this registration are galinsoga and yellow nutsedge.

trifluralin (Treflan HFP): REI 12h, Group 3. Incorporate 1 to 1.5 pt/A before seeding crops, or 1 to 2 pt/A before transplanting (broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower). For greens (collard, kale, mustard and turnip), can be used before seeding only. Select rate based on soil texture, see label for details.  Must be incorporated into the top 2 to 3 inches of the final seedbed within 24 hours of application.  Disc twice after spraying for satisfactory incorporation. See label for info on incorporation recommendations based on different equipment and single pass incorporation.Little or no control of ragweed, galinsoga, mustard or nutsedge.

Herbicides Used Postemergence, after weeds germinate

carfentrazone (Aim EC): REI 12h, Group 14.  Aim is a burndown herbicide and will injure any foliage it comes into contact with. Apply Aim to row middles of emerged crops with hooded sprayers to control emerged weeds, including crops grown on mulch or plastic.  Prevent any spray from contacting the crop, or injury will occur.  For best results, make application to actively growing weeds up to 4 inches tall and rosettes less than 3 inches across. Good coverage is essential for good control.  Apply up to 2 oz/A per application, and do not exceed a total of 6.1 oz/ per season. 

clethodim (Select Max): PHI 30d, PHI 14d for leafy brassica greens, REI 24h, Group 1.  Will control grass weeds only. Apply to actively growing grasses.  See label for rate selection.  Multiple applications permitted of 9 to 16 oz/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications, not to exceed 64 oz/A per year.  Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt per 100 gal of spray).  Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1/3-2/3% (0.44 to 0.85 oz per gallon) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

clopyralid (Stinger): PHI 30d, REI 12h, Group 4. Apply 1/4 to ½ pt/A for postemergence control of common ragweed, galinsoga, prickly lettuce, sweet clover, and wild buckwheat and suppression of sowthistle. Stinger is very effective on small seedling annual and emerging perennial weeds less than 2" to 4" tall, but is less effective and takes longer to work when weeds are larger. Spray additives are not needed or required by the label and are not recommended. Stinger is a postemergence herbicide with some soil residual activity. See label for crop rotation restrictions, or injury may occur from herbicide carryover. Make 1 to 2 applications a year, but do not exceed 1/2 pt/A per year.

pelargonic acid (Scythe):  PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons). Use a 3 to 5% solution for annual weeds, a 5 to 7% solution for biennial and perennial weeds, and 7 to 10% solution for maximum burndown. Delivery rate for boom applications should be 75 to 200 gals of spray solution per acre; complete coverage of weed foliage is essential. Use a DIRECTED/ SHIELDED SPRAY; contact with crop will cause injury. For hand-held equipment, spray to completely wet all weed foliage but not to the point of runoff. Repeat applications as necessary. Tank mixes are allowed with this product. See label for complete details.

sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 30d, PHI 14d for leafy brassica greens, REI 12h, Group 1.  Controls grass weeds only.  Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage).  Maximum 1.5 pt/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications.  Do not exceed 3 pt/A per year. Use with crop oil concentrate (2.0 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A).  Note that crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions.  Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3 to 1.9 oz per gallon) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

Note About Other Labeled Herbicides: Other products are labeled for use in brassicas but limited local data are available for these and/or they are not recommended in our region due to potential crop injury concerns. These include clomazone (Command 3ME) and sulfentrazone (Zeus and others).

Buttoning and Lack of Heads (Broccoli and Cauliflower)

Buttoning refers to premature formation of broccoli or cauliflower heads; these premature heads never size up. Buttoning is most common when transplants are too old and past the juvenile growth stage when transplanted. Other stress factors such as low fertility, low moisture micronutrient deficiencies, or disease and insects can also be causes. Strong healthy plants lacking heads can occur due to periods of extremely warm weather (days over 86ºF and nights over 77ºF).

Bracts (Leaves) in Cauliflower or Broccoli Heads

High temperatures or low soil moisture can result in the formation of bracts, small leaves, between segments in the heads of cauliflower and broccoli. Choose heat-tolerant varieties to avoid bract formation in heads.

Head Rot and Brown Beading (Broccoli)

Both problems can be caused by several factors. Reduced calcium uptake due to low transpiration rates under extended wet or dry conditions during warm temperatures, combined with rapid growth can result in either condition, even when soil calcium levels are high. Head rot results from bacteria breaking down the tissues under wet conditions, and brown beading results from individual flower buds aborting under dry conditions. Mixing varieties based on rate of maturity offers growers the only practical defense against either head rot or brown beading; selecting a later-maturing variety to be harvested along with your typical variety during those parts of the growing season when problems have typically occurred can reduce the risk of whole-crop losses during challenging weather conditions.

Oedema of Cabbage

Oedema is a physiological response of the plant to excessive soil moisture during periods of cool nights and warm, humid days. Many small scabby lesions form on the underside of the cabbage leaves. Avoid irrigation during times when day-night temperature variations are great. Oedema may be confused with thrips damage.

Ricing or Fuzziness of Heads (Cauliflower)

The development of cauliflower curds that appear fuzzy is called ricing. Ricing can be caused by exposure of the developing curds to high temperatures or direct exposure to sun, rapid growth after head formation, high humidity, and high nitrogen fertility.

Tipburn

Tipburn is a result of localized calcium deficiency in leaf tips, which can occur due to irregular soil moisture content or low plant transpiration rates even when soil calcium levels are high. Providing consistent irrigation and taking measures to prevent root-compromising disease can help reduce incidence of tipburn.

Yellow or Brown Beads in Broccoli Heads

Yellowing of florets may be due to an over-mature head, high storage temperatures after harvest, or exposure to ethylene. Brown beads in broccoli are areas where florets do not properly develop and die. Possible causes include nutritional imbalances, or feeding damage by insects such as harlequin bugs or tarnished plant bugs.

NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Leaf Blight (Cercospora, Septoria, or Alternaria)

Use certified, disease-free seed or treat seed with hot water or fungicides. Rotate fields. Irrigate early in the day to allow foliage to dry quickly. Use wider plant spacing and/or raised beds to improve air circulation. Plant resistant or tolerant varieties where available. Apply fungicides based upon a disease forecasting system.

azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 2.4 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M 05. See label for tank mix precautions. Not labeled for parsnip.

azoxystrobin plus propiconazole (Quilt): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3. Not labeled for parsnip.

boscalid (Endura): 4.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. For Alternaria only. Do not make more than two applications per season. 

difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 9. Not labeled for parsnip.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.5 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d (carrot), 10d (parsnip), REI 12h, Group M 05.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.75 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M 01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette. Not labeled for parsnip.

cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12. For Alternaria only. 

fluazinam (Omega 500F): 1.0 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 29. For Alternaria on carrot only. 

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Merivon): 4.0 to 5.5 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11. 

iprodione (Rovral 4F): 1.0 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group 2. For Alternaria on carrot only. 

penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 16.0 to 30.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7.

polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.

Pseudomonas chloraphis (Howler^OG): 2.5 to 7.5 lbs/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 02. Use preventatively. 

propiconazole (Tilt): 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 3.

pydiflumetofen plus fludioxonil (Miravis Prime): 6.8 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 12. 

pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (Pristine): 8.0 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 7. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.

Swinglea glutinosa extract (EcoSwing^OG): 1.5 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 01. Use preventatively.

trifloxystrobin (Flint): 2.0 to 3.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.

Crater Rot (Rhizoctonia carotae)

Crater rot caused by Rhizoctonia carotae is a post-harvest disease of carrot that results from prolonged cold storage (greater than 30 days). The pathogen is soilborne and initial infection occurs before harvest. Late-harvested carrots may have higher amounts of infection. The fungus then develops in cold storage (4-6°C), especially when there is a film of moisture or very high humidity. Under high disease pressure, carrots can be dipped in fungicides or inorganic salts prior to storage. Washing carrots in water can also reduce inoculum clinging to root surfaces. Disinfestation of crates and other equipment minimizes disease development. Proper cold storage that avoids temperature fluctuations and condensation reduces disease and prevent dehydration. Removal of carrots from cold storage early can prevent losses.

Parsnip Blight (Pseudomonas marginalis)

Causes browning through the interior of the root. Practice at least a 2-year rotation.

Root and Crown Rot (Rhizoctonia solani)

The pathogen has a wide host range making crop rotation as a disease management tactic unsuccessful. Problems with this disease are more severe in organic soils and whenever undecomposed crop residue is present. Avoid crops such as alfalfa and legume cover crops which can increase disease risk. Wide spacing, weed control, and clean cultivation help reduce field infection by allowing soil to dry quickly. Avoid harvesting late in the season. Maintain storage conditions at 50°F.

azoxystrobin (Quadris): See label for in-furrow and drench rates; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 (Stargus^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM 02. Apply preventatively in a minimum of 50.0 gallons of water/A.

Trichoderma asperellum, T. gamsii (Bio-tam^OG): See label for in-furrow, drench, and broadcast rates; REI 4h, Group BM 02.

Sore Head (Itersonilia perplexans)

Occurs on parsnip only. Plant on raised beds in well-drained soil. The variety 'Model' is somewhat resistant. Rotate parsnip with non-susceptible hosts and control wild Apiaceae plant hosts. Start with certified, disease-free seed. Protect roots by covering crowns and exposed upper roots with soil. Deep plow plant residue to reduce soilborne inoculum. Rarely occurs on young plants. Monitor fields near maturity and harvest affected fields early. Fungicide sprays are not effective.

White Mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)

Handle carrots carefully at harvest and washing.  Use a post-harvest sanitizer and change wash water frequently to reduce spread of pathogens. Clean and disinfect storage containers and harvesting equipment between batches. Cool carrots quickly to remove field heat. Inspect and dispose of infested carrots. Maintain storage and shipping temperatures of 32°F and 95% relative humidity.

penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 16.0 to 30.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7.

thiabendazole (Mertect 340F): 41.0 fl oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Group 1. Dip carrots before storage. 

fluazinam (Omega 500F): 1.0 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 29.

Ulocladium oudemansii (BotryStop^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 lbs/A; REI 4h, Group BM 02. Begin application when conditions are conductive to disease development. 

Aster Yellows

Remove inoculum sources by controlling weeds (alternate hosts). Avoid fields near pastures or river banks that harbor susceptible vegetation. Destroy residues from susceptible crops immediately after harvest. Control the six-spotted leafhopper that carries the mycoplasma (see Carrot and Parsnip, Insect Control).

Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne sp.)

Low densities of root knot nematodes before planting means susceptible crops will suffer damage. Monitor soils for nematode populations. Rotate with non-hosts such as cereals. Practice soil solarization or field fumigation in the fall. See Soil Fumigation Outdoors.

NOTES:  For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 26 and Insecticides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Aster Leafhopper (Macrosteles quadralineatis)

Aster leafhopper is currently a minor pest in New England, but a major pest in the Midwest.  Although it inflicts very little direct feeding injury to carrots or parsnips, it is important because it vectors aster yellows, a mycoplasma-like pathogen which causes distortion and discoloration of leaves as well as stunted, hairy and bitter roots in both carrot and parsnip. Lettuce, celery, celeriac, parsley, corn and potato are also susceptible. Aster leafhoppers also feed in cereal grains, especially oats, wheat and barley, clover and various weeds. The adults are small, less than 4 mm, light green with grey wings, and have 6 pairs of black spots on the top and front of the head. Among vegetables, lettuce is the primary crop that is suitable for leafhopper reproduction.  Eggs are laid in plant tissues, and the yellowish nymphs feed and develop into adults in 3-4 weeks. There are 3 generations per year in northern states. Aster leafhoppers migrate north annually from the southern US, and can arrive as early as May, sometimes already infected with the aster yellows pathogen.  In northern states, they can also overwinter in the egg stage, on weeds or winter grains.

Unlike many insect-vectored viruses, transmission of the aster yellows mycoplasma is ‘persistent’. This means that to become infected with aster yellows, adults or nymphs must feed for at least 2 hours on an infected host, which could be a crop in a southern state prior to migration, or a local crop or weed. Weeds that may be infected include thistle, fleabane, wild lettuce, sow thistle, chicory, wild carrot, galinsoga, dandelion, plantain, and cinquefoil.  There is an incubation period of 2-3 weeks inside the leafhopper; thereafter it is able to transmit the pathogen for the duration of its life.  Transmission from the leafhopper to a non-infected plant also requires at least 2 hours of feeding. It takes 10-15 days for infected plants to show symptoms.

If aster yellows disease becomes a problem on your farm, plant tolerant or resistant varieties, which are available for carrot and lettuce. Control weed hosts and avoid growing susceptible crops in fields close to winter grains. Reflective or light-colored straw mulch effectively reduces aster yellows infection, and row cover prevents infection by keeping out leafhoppers. Cool, wet weather limits leafhopper activity and disease transmission. Monitor nearby grain fields or carrot crops in July and August using sweep nets. Thresholds widely used in the Midwest are based on the aster yellows index, which is the product of the percent infection of the leafhopper population (determined by testing) and the number of leafhoppers per 100 sweeps. At 2% infection, the threshold in carrots is 25 leafhoppers per 100 sweeps in susceptible varieties, and 37/100 in tolerant varieties. In the absence of actual test results for % infection, assume 2%. It is important to control leafhoppers before infection takes place. Because several hours of feeding are required for the aster leafhopper to transmit aster yellows to a plant, disease suppression can be achieved by killing the vector before inoculation occurs.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 1.8 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid*XL): 1.6 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Carrot only.

flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 0.3 to 0.7 oz/1,000 row ft or 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil applications only.

kaolin (Surround WPOG): 25 to 50 lb/A or 0.25 to 0.5 lb/gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Suppression and repellence only.

malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 2 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Carrots only.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Carrot only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 100 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils.

sulfoxaflor (Transform WG): 1.5 to 2.75 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bees: H, Group 4C.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 12 oz/A; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used at seeding or within 24 h of seeding as an in-furrow or narrow surface band with sufficient water for incorporation, or in drip irrigation.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 1.9 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Carrot Rust Fly (Psila rosae)

Carrot rust fly feeds on many umbelliferous crops and weeds. Though it is considered principally a pest of carrots, it can also damage parsnips, celery, celeriac, parsley and dill. Adults are slender flies, 4-5 mm long, with slightly iridescent wings, yellowish-brown head and legs, dark red eyes, and shiny black thorax and abdomen. Adult flies enter fields to oviposit and return to field edges on a daily basis. Clusters of 1-3 eggs are laid in the soil near the base of food plants. Larvae are milky-white to yellowish, without legs, tapered at the head with dark mouth hooks, and 6-9 mm when full grown. Root feeding of hatching larvae may kill young plants or cause forked, stunted or fibrous roots. Larvae burrow into the main root as they grow larger, then leave the root to form an oval brown pupa up to 10 cm deep in the soil. Sometimes larvae overwinter in fall carrot roots, but mainly pupa overwinter in the soil, and adults emerge in May and June. Cool, moist conditions favor adult emergence. Early season carrots are susceptible to attack by this first flight, especially the earliest successions, as flies tend to select larger carrots to lay eggs. The summer generation of adult flies emerges in August and is active through September, causing damage to late or long-season carrots. Fall damage may increase in later harvests. The larva mines the surface of the root, leaving trails and blotchy areas that develop a rusty color and render the root unmarketable.  Wounds provide entry to plant pathogens. The foliage may become red or yellow.  In carrot, the larval mines are mostly in the lower portion of the root, but in parsnip, they are in the upper portion.  In celery, the larva may tunnel upward into the crown and stalks. Damage is often worst near sheltered field edges, with damage decreasing toward the center of the field.

Avoid leaving crops in the field over the winter, where they support overwintering larvae or attract spring egg-laying. Because adults are weak flyers and are limited to one crop family, crop rotation to a separate field is effective. If possible, plant carrots in open fields where wind protects them from adult flights. The crop is most vulnerable around the edge of sheltered fields surrounded by woods. Row covers protect the crop from egg-laying. Intercropping with onion has been shown to reduce damage by carrot rust fly. Some varieties show partial resistance to rust fly. Stagger plantings to distribute risk, or if possible, time plantings to avoid the first and second flight periods. In the fall, harvest edges first, as these may have the most damage. Monitor flight with yellow sticky traps placed upright on a stake just above the canopy and several feet into the field; count flies twice weekly. Use multiple traps per field, especially along field edges that are sheltered from wind. Traps reflect population levels and indicate the beginning, peak and end of flight periods, and are used to time insecticides or determine when it is safe to remove row cover. In Quebec and Ontario, insecticides are recommended at thresholds of 0.1-0.2 flies per trap per day, although there are currently no available registered products in New England. Where active periods coincide, sprays for carrot weevil may help control carrot rust fly.

Carrot Weevil (Listronotus oregonensis)

Carrot weevil attacks crops and weeds in the Umbelliferacae family, and can cause severe damage to parsley, dill, carrot, celery and parsnip. Adult beetles are brown, less than 6 mm long, with the typical weevil ‘snout-like’ mouthparts. They overwinter in soil or plant debris near previous host crops. Although able to fly, they travel and invade fields mostly by walking. In spring, females lay eggs into holes that they gouge in petioles or tops of roots, but only oviposit in plants that are older than 4 leaf stage.  Egg-laying starts at 234 growing degree days (GDD), using a base temperature of 44.6°F. Young larvae tunnel in stalks or roots and may kill young plants. Larvae tunnel downward as they grow.  Tunnels are very pronounced and may be invaded by fungi. Unlike carrot rust fly, feeding damage by weevil larvae is limited to the upper third of the root. Pupation takes place in the soil and new adults emerge from the soil after 1-2 weeks. There is generally 1 generation per year in New England. Weevils tend to be worse in organic soils. To prevent damage, rotate carrot and parsnip crops to new fields, to escape overwintering adults.  Delay planting until after eggs have been deposited (90% of oviposition is expected to be completed by 820 GDD). Carrot-baited traps (Mason jar, Boivin or modified Boivin traps) deployed at field edges can be used to detect incoming adults.  Sampling roots is an effective way to estimate the population of larvae. Insecticide must be applied before egg-laying begins, so timing is important; GDD can be a useful tool. Sprays targeting the adult beetles should be applied once or twice, 10 to 14 days apart, from the 1- to 3-leaf stage.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 1.8 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid*XL): 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

esfenvalerate (Asana*XL): 9.6 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Begin treatment when weevils become active, and provide thorough spray coverage of crowns. For carrot only.

Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 (PFR-97 20% WDG^OG): 1 to 2 lb/A soil drench; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1 to 2 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. For parsnips only.

oxamyl (Vydate* L): 2 to 4 pt/A; PHI 14d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Use as a soil directed spray in 20 gal water/A. Must be incorporated into soil by water or mechanical means to a depth of at least 2 ". Carrot only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

Cutworms

In carrots, cutworms feed on petioles, cutting them near the ground. One cutworm can destroy several plants in a single night. See cutworms in the Pepper and Tomato (Outdoor) sections for more information on the black and variegated cutworms. Use spot treatments in affected areas.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 1.3 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 5.1 to 6.4 oz/A; PHI 21d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Most effective on species that feed on upper portions of the plant.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For carrot only.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 0.75 to 1.5 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. For variegated cutworm on carrot only.

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 8 to 16 oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group 18. Suppression only.

spinosad (Seduce^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A or 0.5 to1 lb/1000 sq ft.; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Spread bait on soil around plants.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 1.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.  

NOTE:  For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using. 

Stale Seedbed

See Stale Seedbed Technique for information on the use of these herbicides.

glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): REI 12h, Group 9.

paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): restricted use. REI 12h, Group 22. Carrots only. Use 2 – 4 pts/A. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training listed on the following website https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training.... The training must be completed a minimum of every three years.

pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons).

Herbicides Used Preemergence, before weeds germinate

linuron (Lorox DF): PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 5. Parsnips only. Make a single application of 1.5 to 3 lbs/A after planting but prior to crop emergence. Seed should be planted at least 1/2 inch deep.

pendimethalin (Prowl H2O): PHI 60d, REI 24h, Group 3. Carrots only. Apply 2pt/A to the soil surface within 2 days of seeding. Do not apply over the top of emerged carrots.

s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum): REI 12h, Group 15. MASSACHUSETTS, MAINE, and NEW HAMPSHIRE ONLY. Carrots only. This is a restricted label available only to those growers who apply through the website www.farmassist.com and agree to a waiver of liability.  Main target weeds for this registration are galinsoga and yellow nutsedge. All label instructions will be supplied after the application for use is completed. Once on the farm assist web site, click products at top left, then indemnified labels.  Create a username and password, select Dual Magnum, and the crop.

trifluaralin (Treflan HFP): REI 12h, Group 3. Carrots only. Apply 1 to 2 pts/A as a preplant soil incorporated treatment. Select rate based on soil texture, see label for details.  Must be incorporated into the top 2 to 3 inches of the final seedbed within 24 hours of application.  Disc twice after spraying for satisfactory incorporation. See label for info on incorporation recommendations based on different equipment and single pass incorporation.Little or no control of ragweed, galinsoga, mustard or nutsedge.

Herbicides Used Pre- and Postemergence

prometryn (Caparol 4L):  PHI 30d, REI 12h, Group 5. Carrots only. Primarily controls annual broadleaf weeds. Annual grasses may only be suppressed. Can be applied preemergence and/or postemergence over the top to carrot. Up to three applications at the rate of 2 - 4 pt/A per application are permitted.  Do not exceed 8 pt/A per crop cycle. Do not exceed one preemergence application (up to 4 pt/A) plus two postemergence applications each at up to 2 pt/A or one postemergence application at up to 4 pt/A.  Use lower rate on coarse-textured sandy soils and the higher rate on fine-textured soils. 

For preemergence use, follow with overhead irrigation if rainfall does not occur to activate.

For postemergence use, apply after the crop is at the six-leaf stage. Include nonionic surfactant (0.5% v:v, 2 qt per 100 gallons of spray) or crop oil concentrate (1% v:v, 1 gallon per 100 gallons of spray). Do not apply when temperatures exceed 85°F.

Herbicides Used Postemergence, after weeds germinate

carfentrazone (Aim EC): REI 12h, Group 14.  Aim is a burndown herbicide and will injure any foliage it comes into contact with. Apply Aim to row middles of emerged crops with hooded sprayers to control emerged weeds, including crops grown on mulch or plastic.  Prevent any spray from contacting the crop, or injury will occur.  For best results, make application to actively growing weeds up to 4 inches tall and rosettes less than 3 inches across. Good coverage is essential for good control.  Apply up to 2 oz/A per application, and do not exceed a total of 6.1 oz/ per season. 

clethodim (Select Max): PHI 30d, REI 24h, Group 1.  Will control grass weeds only. Apply to actively growing grasses.  See label for rate selection.  Multiple applications permitted of 9 to 16 oz/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications, not to exceed 64 oz/A per year.  Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt per 100 gal of spray).  Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1/3-2/3% (0.44 to 0.85 oz per gallon) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

fluazifop (Fusilade DX): PHI 45d, REI 12h, Group 1.  Carrots only.  For grass weed control only. Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage). Apply up to 24 oz/A. Up to 2 applications per year, allow for minimum 14-days between applications (max 48 oz/A per year).  Add either crop oil concentrate (0.5-1%, 0.5-1 gallon per 100 gallons of spray) or nonionic surfactant (0.25-0.5%, 1-2 qt per 100 gal of spray).

linuron (Lorox DF): PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 5.  Carrots only.  Carrot varieties can vary in their tolerance to Lorox.  Apply 1.5 to 3 lb/A after carrots are at least 3".  Multiple applications are permitted, not to exceed a total of 4 lb/A per season. Apply before annual grasses exceed 2" tall and before broadleaf weeds exceed 6" tall. Do not exceed 40 psi spray nozzle pressure as crop injury may result. Do not apply when the temperature exceeds 85° F as crop injury may result. Do not apply Lorox as a tank mix with surfactant, nitrogen solution or other pesticides.

metribuzin (Metribuzin 75): PHI 60d, REI 12h, Group 5.  Carrots only. Apply 0.3 lb/A when carrots have 5 to 6 true leaves and weeds are less than 1" tall and 1" in canopy diameter. A second application can be made 3 weeks after the first. Do not apply within 3 days of cool or wet weather or within 3 days of other sprays. Fair on grasses.

pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons). Use a 3 to 5% solution for annual weeds, a 5 to 7% solution for biennial and perennial weeds, and 7 to 10% solution for maximum burndown. Delivery rate for boom applications should be 75 to 200 gals of spray solution per acre; complete coverage of weed foliage is essential. Use a DIRECTED/ SHIELDED SPRAY; contact with crop will cause injury. For hand-held equipment, spray to completely wet all weed foliage but not to the point of runoff. Repeat applications as necessary. Tank mixes are allowed with this product. See label for complete details.

sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 30d, REI 12h, Group 1.  Carrots only. Controls grass weeds only.  Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage).  Maximum 2.5 pt/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications.  Do not exceed 5 pt/A per year. Use with crop oil concentrate (2.0 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A).  Note that crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions.  Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3 to 1.9 oz per gallon) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Anthracnose Leaf Curl (Colletotrichum fioriniae and C. nymphaeae)

Celery anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum fioriniae and C. nymphaeae (formerly C. acutatum). Colletotrichum fioriniae also causes bitter rot in apples while C. nymphaeae  causes anthracnose of strawberries and garlic scapes. Symptoms on celery include curled leaves, occasional discoloration of leaf margins, twisted petioles, and lesions on petioles. Leaves remain green but often appear fan-like and curl downward.  Leaf curl is often the most prominent symptom observed and can resemble injury from growth regulator type (e.g. 2,4-D) herbicides. In advanced stages, the disease can resemble blackheart, the physiological disorder caused by low calcium assimilation. Celery leaf curl thrives under warm, wet conditions. Rapid growth occurs when temperatures are 77-86°F, with substantially more disease development at 86ºF. Temperatures as cool as 60°F will support fungal growth and spread, but field progression will be slow. This disease may be seedborne. Start with clean seed, flats, and growth medium. Plant tolerant varieties. Avoid planting in fields with a history of strawberry or garlic anthracnose. Scout plants twice a week for symptoms; remove and destroy affected plants. Manage weeds—several common species harbor celery anthracnose without clearly expressing symptoms. Remove crop debris after harvest and/or plowing crop residue. A 3- to 4-year crop rotation with non-host plants should be followed. Avoid working the fields when the plants are wet, work in fields with a history of the disease last, and power wash equipment between fields. Research has shown that the strobilurin fungicides are most effective; however, be careful to rotate as resistance can develop quickly in this group.

azoxystrobin (Quadris): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not apply more than one application before alternating with a non-Group 11 fungicide.

flutriafol (Rhyme): 5.0 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3. Apply preventitively when conditions are favorable for disease development.

pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12-16 oz /A; PHI 0d, REI 12h , Group 11. Do not apply more than pne application before alternating with a non-Group 11 fungicide. Apply no more than 64 oz per year.

pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (Pristine): 10.0 to 15.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 7. Maximum of 2 applications per year.

pyraclostrobin plus fluxapyroxad (Merivon Xemium): 4.0 to 11.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 7. Maximum of 3 applications per year.

Leaf Blight [Cercospora apii (Early Blight) or Septoria apicola (Late Blight)]

The primary symptom of early blight is the occurrence of small yellow spots that are visible from both sides of the leaf. These spots may develop into larger lesions that become papery and tears. Gray, fuzzy fungus may be noticed in well-developed lesions. Favorable temperatures for early blight range from 60-86ºF. This pathogen can be seedborne, can survive on celery residue, and spores can spread via wind and water splashing.

Small, yellow, circular spots on leaves are also symptoms of late blight in celery, which has similar symptoms to early blight in celery overall. One difference is that the small, round, and dark reproductive bodies of late blight, called pycnidia, can be seen in the center of lesions. This pathogen develops when temperatures are greater than 55ºF, and particularly in wet conditions with temperatures over 70ºF.

Use certified, disease-free seed or treat seed with hot water or fungicides. Practice careful sanitation in transplant greenhouses or rotate ground seedbeds. Irrigate early in the day to allow foliage to dry quickly. Use wider plant spacing and/or raised beds to improve air circulation. Plant resistant or tolerant varieties where available. Apply fungicides based upon a disease forecasting system.

azoxystrobin (Quadris): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not apply more than one application before alternating with a non-Group 11 fungicide.

azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 2.4 to 3.7 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M05. See label for tank mix precautions.  

azoxystrobin plus propiconazole (Quilt Xcel): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3. 

bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 (Stargus^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. See label for specific instructions.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 2.0 to 3.0 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group M05.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.75 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch): 11.0 to 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12.

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Merivon): 4.0 to 11.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11.

penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 14.0 to 24.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 7.

propiconazole (Tilt): 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 24h, Group 3.

pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (Pristine): 10.0 to 15.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11. Maximum 2 applications per year. 

pydiflumetofen plus fludioxonil (Miravis Prime): 9.2 to 13.4 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 12. 

trifloxystrobin (Flint): 2.0 to 3.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not make more than one application before alternating with a non-Group 11 fungicide.

Basal Stalk Rot (Rhizoctonia solani)

Sometimes called crater rot, or simply stalk rot. This pathogen causes symptoms on celery petioles where they are in contact with the soil, where reddish brown lesions form on either side of the petiole, and can become sunken. This pathogen is soilborne and infects many plants. It is favored by warm, humid/wet conditions, and can survive in soil as sclerotia for a long time.

A 2-year rotation is recommended to prevent buildup of disease-causing organisms.  Avoid crops such as alfalfa and legume cover crops which can increase disease risk.  Avoid cultivating late in the season. Maintain storage conditions at 50°F.

azoxystrobin (Quadris):  0.4 to 0.8 fl oz/1,000 row feet; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 11 (see label for clarification). Apply in a 7" band in-furrow or shortly after emergence.  After emergence, direct application to stem.

azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 2.4 to 3.7 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M5. See label for tank mix precautions.  

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 (Stargus^OG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Apply preventatively in a minimum of 50.0 gallons/A. 

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 2.0 to 3.0 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group M05.

polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.

Pink Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)

Pink rot in celery is caused by the same pathogen that causes white mold in beans and peas. This pathogen can infect celery at any developmental stage, but is most commonly seen in near harvest. The most characteristic symptoms are lesions on the lower portion of petioles that are initially brown and then turn watery and pink. Lesions can contain white mycelia and/or hardened black sclerotia. Severely infected plants may totally collapse. Do not plant seed contaminated with sclerotia or plant into severely infested fields. Irrigate in the morning or with subsurface drip systems to promote drier soil. Rotate with non-hosts. Soil sterilization with chemicals, heat, or steam can reduce sclerotia in the soil.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 (Stargus^OG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. Apply preventatively in a minimum of 50.0 gallons of water/A.

boscalid (Endura): 8.0 to 9.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 3.0 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group M05. For disease suppression.

Coniothyrium minitans (Contans WG^OG): 1.0 to 4.0 lb/A in 20.0-50.0 gal water; REI 4h, Group BM02. Spray on soil surface and incorporate into top 2" soil. Apply in fall or 3-4 months prior to planting.

cyprodonil plus fludioxonil (Switch): 11.0 to14.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12. Make first application at thinning and once more two weeks later.

pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (Pristine): 25.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11. Maximum 2 applications per year. 

Ulocladium oudemansii (BotryStop^OG): 2.0 to 4.0 lbs/A; REI 4h, Group BM02. Begin application when conditions are conducive to disease development.

NOTES:  For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 26 and Insecticides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Aphids

See Pepper section for more information about green peach aphid.

acephate (Orthene 97): 0.5 to 1 lb/A; PHI 21d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Green Peach Aphid. Tops must be removed before use; do not use tops for food or feed. Celery only.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2 to 4 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Celery only.

afidopyropen (Versys): 1.5 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12 h, Bee: L, Group 9D.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A celery, 3.2 to 3.8 celeriac; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.

cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. Green peach aphid only. Celery only.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting. For control of green peach and suppression of potato aphid only. Celery only.

cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: H, Group 28.

dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 3 oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil; PHI 7d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Suppression of green peach and potato aphids. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, transplant or post-seeding drench, sidedress, or through drip. Celery only.

flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d celery, 3d celeriac, REI 12, Bee: L, Group 9C. 

flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 10.5 oz/A for foliar application, 21 to 28 oz/A for soil application (celery only); PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 4D.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A soil; 1.3 oz/A foliar celery; PHI 45d soil, 7d foliar, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Foliar applications allowed for celery only.

insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May need to make repeated applications and/or use a companion insecticide.

malathion (Malathion 57EC): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Celery only.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Celery only.

pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 9B. Celery only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM):  100 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils.

spirotetramat (Movento): 4 to 5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 24h, Bee: M, Group 23. Must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant with spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and sytemicity; don't use sticker adjuvants. Controls immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility. Celery only.

sulfoxaflor (Closer SC): 1.5 to 2 oz/A; PHI 3d celery, 7d celeriac, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4C. Application to celeriac foliage and celery only.

sulfoxaflor (Transform WG): 0.75 to 1.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Bees: H, Group 4C. Celeriac only.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A.

thiamethoxam (Platimum): 5 to 11 oz/A; PHI 30d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations. 

tolfenpyrad (Torac): 17 to 21 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 21A. 

Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm

See Cabbage and Other Brassica Crops for more information on cabbage looper and imported cabbageworm.

acephate (Orthene 97): 1 lb/A; PHI 21d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Tops must be removed before use; do not use tops for food or feed. Cabbage Looper on celery only.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 1.8 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

azadirachtin (Azatin O^OG): 4 to 16 oz/A foliar or drench, 4 to 16 oz/100 gal in greenhouses. When using lower rates, combine with adjuvant for improved spray coverage and translaminar uptake; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group UN.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A looper, 0.25 to 1 lb/A ICW; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai products (XenTari).

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Celery only.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Imported cabbage worm only.

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May be applied to soil at planting, through chemigation and as a foliar spray. For drip application, must be applied uniformly in the root zone. For foliar application an adjuvant may be used. Cabbage looper only.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 10 to 17 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. Cabbage looper on celery only.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting. Celery only.

cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: H, Group 28.

emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 3.2 to 4.8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Cabbage looper on celery only.

indoxacarb (Avaunt): 3.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 22. Cabbage looper on celery only.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 3 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. For cabbage looper on celery only.

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Use lower rates when plants are small or infestations are light.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Cabbage looper on celery only.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Celery only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal; REI 12h, Bee: L, Group 25. Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils. Cabbage looper only.

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 5 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 3 to 6 oz/A; PHI 1d celery, 3d celeriac, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Do not apply to celery seedlings intended for transplant.

tebufenozide (Confirm 2F): 6 to 8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Use higher rate for late-season applications or for heavy infestations. Low toxicity to natural enemies. One pint of adjuvant per 100 gallons of spray mixture is recommended. Celery only.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A for ICW; 3.4 to 4.3 oz/A for CL; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Leafminers (Liriomyza species)

There are several species of leafminers in the genus Liriomyza, including the serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii), the vegetable leafminer (L. sativae), pea leafminer (L. huidobrensis) and cabbage leafminer (L. brassicae).  Most of these species feed on a very broad range of vegetables, weeds, flowers and wild plants. Cabbage leafminer is most often found on brassicas, and rarely on other crop groups. In southern regions of the US, Liriomyza leafminers can be pests of basil, beans, cabbage and other brassicas, celery, lettuce, pepper, eggplant, tomato, and cucurbits. In New England, especially with greater use of selective insecticides that conserve natural enemies, these leafminers rarely reach pest status.

Adults in this group are small (2.0-2.5mm), hump-backed, clear-winged flies with black and yellow markings.  Females lay eggs within the leaf, and larvae feed between the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, creating winding mines. When full grown, larvae emerge and form a brown pupa about the size of a rice grain on the leaf or in the soil. The life cycle takes 3 to 4 weeks depending on temperature. Mines render the leaf unmarketable, reduce photosynthetic capacity, and provide entry for pathogens. Leafminers generally are controlled by naturally occurring parasites unless disrupted by broad-spectrum insecticide applications. There is also a commercially available biological control, the tiny wasp parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea, used against Liriomyza leafminers in a wide range of crops; this works best in warm weather. 

In the southern and western US, pesticide resistance has become a problem.  Avoid obtaining transplants from outside the Northeast, which could carry resistant strains. Control broadleaf weeds in and around the crop. Incorporate infested crop residues after harvest to prevent emergence and movement to new plantings. Most importantly, use selective insecticides on other pests to conserve natural enemies. Scouting methods include catching adults on yellow sticky traps placed in mid or lower canopy, or trapping pupae in trays underneath the plants. Counting mines is a good index of past activity, but mines may be vacant and searching for larvae in mines is time consuming.  Treatment may be warranted if damage is delaying growth or marketable parts of the plant are being damaged, and adult fly populations are increasing. 

See the beets and chard section for leafminers that occur on the Amaranthaceae (spinach, beets, chard) crop group.

abamectin (Agri-Mek* SC): 1.75 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Must be mixed with a non-ionic wetting, spreading and/or penetrating spray adjuvant; do not use binder or sticker type adjuvant. Celery only.

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. May be applied to soil at planting, through chemigation and as a foliar spray. For foliar application an adjuvant may be used. Celery only.

cyantraniliprole (Exirel): 13.5 to 20.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 28. Celery only.

cyantraniliprole (Verimark): 6.75 to 13.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: H, Group 28. For soil applications at planting. Celery only.

cyclaniliprole (Harvanta): 10.9 to 16.4 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: H, Group 28.

cyromazine (Trigard): 2.66 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 17. Celery only.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 1 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Celery only.

dinotefuran (Venom): 1 to 3 oz/A foliar or 5 to 7.5 oz/A soil; PHI 1d foliar, 21d soil, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Soil application may be as a band during bedding, in-furrow at seeding, transplant or post-seeding drench, sidedress, or through drip. Celery only.

emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 3.2 to 4.8 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Suppression only. Celery only.

insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May need to make repeated applications and/ or use a companion insecticide.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Celery only.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Celery only.

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Control may be improved with the addition of an adjuvant to the spray mixture.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 3 to 6 oz/A celeriac, 6 to 10 oz/A celery; PHI 1d celery, 3d celeriac, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Control may be improved with the addition of an adjuvant. Do not apply to celery seedlings intended for transplant.

Mites

See Eggplant for more information about mites.

abamectin (Agri-Mek* SC): 1.75 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 6. Must be mixed with a non-ionic wetting, spreading and/or penetrating spray adjuvant; do not use binder or sticker type adjuvant. Use high rate on celeriac.

Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, 4h REI, Bee: M, Group UN.

malathion (Malathion 57EC): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Celery only.

Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 (Met 52 EC): 40 to 80 oz/100 gal soil, 8 to 64 oz/A foliar; PHI 0d, REI 0h, Bee: L, Group UN. Celery only.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Celery only.

sulfur (Microthiol Disperss^OG): 4 to 6 lb/A; REI 24h, Bee: L, No IRAC classification. Celery only.

Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus lineolaris)

See Lettuce for information about tarnished plant bug. Bugs may feed on leaf petioles or produce lesions or small sunken cavities on stalks.  Injury to the inner growing tip can cause foliar discoloration and tissue destruction that is similar to the physiological condition known as ‘blackheart’.  If your crop is near weedy fallow fields or alfalfa, scout weekly from when celery is 4" tall until 3 weeks before harvest to detect TPB and injury, as the economic injury level is low. Treat at 2 to 4 bugs per 20 plants. Control weeds in and around the field.  Do not plant near legume crops that may be harvested during the season or TPB may migrate to celery. 

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL):  2.4 to 3.2 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Celery only.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR plus):  1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

insecticidal soap (M-Pede^OG): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: L. Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. May need to make repeated applications and/or use a companion insecticide.

flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d celery, 3d celeriac, REI 12, Bee: L, Group 9C. 

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L. Celery only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

NOTE:  For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using. 

Stale Seedbed

See Stale Seedbed Technique in the Weed Management section for information on the use of this weed control method. Because celery is slow growing, plasticulture is often used to reduce the need for hand weeding and cultivation.

glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): REI 12h, Group 9.

pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Celery only. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons).

Herbicides Used Preemergence, before weeds germinate

bensulide (Prefar 4E): REI 12h, Group 0.  Apply 5 to 6 qt/A.  Celery only.  Can be preplant incorporated by shallow cultivation (1-2”) or applied preemergence and incorporated by irrigation within 36 hours or application. Grass control only; should be supplemented with cultivation or another registered herbicide for broadleaf control. See label for rotation restrictions.

trifluralin (Treflan HFP): REI 12h, Group 3. Celery only.  Rate based on soil texture, see label for details.  Apply 1 to 2 pt/A of Treflan HFP as a soil-incorporated treatment. Treflan HFP may be applied to direct seeded or transplant celery before planting, at planting, or immediately after planting. Little or no control of ragweed, mustard, and nutsedge.

Herbicides Used Pre- and Postemergence

linuron (Lorox DF): PHI 45d celery, PHI 60d celeriac, REI 24h, Group 5. Apply as a single application of up to 3 lb/A after the celery or celeriac has been transplanted and establish, but before the crop is 8” tall.  For use in celery, only use on celery grown on muck soils. Do not apply when temperatures exceed 85°F.  Do not apply as a tank mixture with surfactants, nitrogen or fertilizer solution, or other pesticides, as injury to the crop may result. Preemergence to weeds, can control annual weeds as they germinate. Postemergence to weeds, can control up to 2 inch tall annual grasses and up to 6 inch tall broadleaf weeds. See label for list of susceptible weeds.

prometryn (Caparol 4L): PHI 30d for celery, PHI 60d for celeriac, REI 12h, Group 5. Primarily controls annual broadleaf weeds. Annual grasses may only be suppressed. Do not use on sand or loamy sand. Do not apply if crop is under water stress. Do not apply within 2 weeks after an application of an herbicidal oil, such as “carrot” oil.

For celery: Can be used pre- or postemergence. To avoid crop injury, make either 1 preemergence or 1 postemergence application (not both) per crop. For preemergence use, apply 2.4 to 3.2 pt/A at planting or shortly after planting but before the crop emerges. For postemergence use, 1.6 to 2 pt/A after the crop has 2 to 5 true leaves. May be applied over the top of the crop. Apply before weeds are 2" tall.

For celeriac: Do not exceed 4 pt/A per crop cycle. Make a single broadcast application at 1.6 to 4 pt/A in a minimum of 20 gal of water per acre after the crop has 6 to 8 leaves. Application may be made over the crop. Use the lower rate on coarse-textured soils and soils low in organic matter.  Apply before weeds are 2" tall.

Herbicides Used Postemergence, after weeds germinate

carfentrazone (Aim EC): REI 12h, Group 14.  Aim is a burndown herbicide and will injure any foliage it comes into contact with. Apply Aim to row middles of emerged crops with hooded sprayers to control emerged weeds, including crops grown on mulch or plastic.  Prevent any spray from contacting the crop, or injury will occur.  For best results, make application to actively growing weeds up to 4 inches tall and rosettes less than 3 inches across. Good coverage is essential for good control.  Apply up to 2 oz/A per application, and do not exceed a total of 6.1 oz/ per season. 

clethodim (Select Max): PHI 30d, 24hr REI, Group 1.  Will control grass weeds only. Apply to actively growing grasses.  See label for rate selection.  Multiple applications permitted of 9 to 16 oz/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications, not to exceed 64 oz/A per year.  Add 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (1 qt per 100 gal of spray).  Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1/3-2/3% (0.44 to 0.85 oz per gallon) Select Max and 0.25% v:v nonionic surfactant (0.33 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

pelargonic acid (Scythe):  PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Celery only. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons). Use a 3 to 5% solution for annual weeds, a 5 to 7% solution for biennial and perennial weeds, and 7 to 10% solution for maximum burndown. Delivery rate for boom applications should be 75 to 200 gals of spray solution per acre; complete coverage of weed foliage is essential. Use a DIRECTED/ SHIELDED SPRAY; contact with crop will cause injury. For hand-held equipment, spray to completely wet all weed foliage but not to the point of runoff. Repeat applications as necessary. Tank mixes are allowed with this product. See label for complete details.

sethoxydim (Poast): PHI 30d, REI 12h, Group 1.  Celery only. Controls grass weeds only.  Apply to actively growing grasses (see product label for susceptible stage).  Maximum 1.5 pt/A per application, minimum 14-days between applications.  Do not exceed 3 pt/A per year. Use with crop oil concentrate (2.0 pt/A) or methylated seed oil (1.5 pt/A).  Note that crop oil can cause injury under hot and humid conditions.  Can also be used as a spot-spray by mixing 1-1.5% (1.3 to 1.9 oz per gallon) Poast and 1% v:v crop oil concentrate (1.3 oz per gallon).  Spray to wet, but do not allow runoff of spray solution.

Blackheart

Blackheart is a physiological disorder akin to tipburn in other crops. It is associated with poor calcium assimilation as a result of inconsistent water uptake. Blackheart can be identified by the death of the growing points of the innermost petioles, or heart. Blackheart occurs in most celery growing regions, and significant losses have been reported in Florida, California, Texas, Utah and Wisconsin. If conditions favorable for the development of blackheart persist, the entire crown may be destroyed in a few days. In minor cases, the plants may recover or seem to recover, although symptoms can return. Symptom development is much more severe as plants approach maturity. The appearance of symptoms is closely linked to fluctuating water levels and available calcium. Environmental conditions that favor rapid growth, such as heavy rain or irrigation subsequent to drought, favor symptom development. High nitrogen, potassium, and sodium levels may also play a role. Certain celery cultivars are more susceptible to blackheart. Blackheart is prevented by ensuring steady plant growth, avoiding wide fluctuations in moisture and nutrients. Drench applications of soluble calcium can lessen or prevent the development of blackheart. Plant celery cultivars that are not prone to the syndrome. Drip irrigation, which provides more even moisture levels, can help reduce risk.

Soil Fertility

Apply lime according to soil test to maintain soil pH between 6.5 and 6.8.

Less nitrogen fertilizer will be needed if legume sod was plowed down or if manure was applied (see Table 1 and Table 7). 

Apply no more than 80-100 pounds per acre combined weight of actual nitrogen and potassium applied 2" on the side and 2" below the seed as a band. Higher amounts of nitrogen and potash applied as a concentrated band may damage corn seed and young plants.

Planting

Effective isolation is required in some cases with the present types of sweet corn on the market. Isolation is affected by distance, wind direction, time of pollen shed and silking, and blocking. From a practical standpoint, the same methods are needed as when separating white and yellow varieties. Field experience indicates isolation can be managed more easily than initially expected.

Plant early varieties 8-10" apart within rows with 30-36" between rows. Plant main season varieties 10"-12" apart within rows with 36" between rows. This requires 10-15 lb of seed/A (1-2 oz per 100 feet of row) or 17,500-26,000 seeds/A for early and 14,500-17,500 for main season varieties. Match seed size to seed plate. Read seed container or contact the company regarding appropriate plate sizes. 

First plantings are made in early April in southern New England and in May in northern New England.  Growers planting in cold soils run the risk of erratic germination and poor stands.  Avoid planting while soil temperature is lower than 55°F.  If soil temperature is below 60°F, it is advisable to plant treated seed.  If you are planting untreated seed, wait until the soil temperature is at least 65°F.  Most seed companies perform cold germination tests of their seed.  If in doubt about the suitability of a corn variety for early planting, ask your seed dealer about the low temperature germination and vigor of the seed. 

Clear plastic mulch raises soil temperature and can be used for the earliest plantings.  This can allow for earlier planting and provide corn 7-10 days earlier than non-mulched corn.   Apply fertilizer and herbicides, and plant seed before laying the plastic over seeded rows.  Two rows 18"-24" apart are usually planted under each strip of 5 ft-wide plastic.  To avoid plant injury, do not let temperatures beneath the plastic get too high (90°F or more).  When such conditions occur, or when the plants reach 4" in height, cut slits in the plastic to allow heat to escape and plants to grow through.  Remove the plastic completely by the time the corn is knee high to facilitate removal and permit cultivation.

Spunbonded row covers offer a potential three-way benefit for early sweet corn production.  Maturity is increased by 5-10 days, yields are generally increased by 15-20%, and the first generation corn borer can be controlled if the covers are left on until after the peak of the first generation corn borer flight.  They can also be used to pre-warm the soil before planting.  They can be removed to allow planting and then replaced.  Weight cover edges with soil or sand bags to prevent damage by gusty winds, but leave adequate slack for plant growth to the tassel stage.

Transplanting Sweet Corn

Transplanting sweet corn offers some advantages to growers over direct seeding, including better stands, earlier harvest, and less dependence on pre-emergent herbicides.  However, transplanting is more labor intensive, costly and requires attention to detail in order to be successful.

Corn can be seeded by hand, or a simple, inexpensive drop seeder can be built to fit the size of tray to be used.  98-128 cell trays work best (a 128 cell tray requires 82 trays per acre).  The smaller plug trays require less media, but are more easily root-bound. Fill trays with a peat-based potting mix, and plant one or two seeds per cell.  Place trays on tables or benches to prevent plants from rooting in the ground.  Greenhouse temperatures should be set for 65°F days and 60°F night temperatures. Transplants should be ready in about 14-18 days, and should be hardened off before planting in the field, by placing the trays outdoors and limiting water for a few days.  Fertilizer should be banded prior to planting, or applied as a liquid at planting.  The plants should have good, cohesive roots that come out of the tray with relative ease. They may be planted by hand or machine.  Plants can be spaced 14-16 inches apart within rows, with about 3 feet between rows.  Floating row covers should be placed over the corn for the first two to three weeks after planting.  These can be pulled back to allow cultivation.  Transplanting and row covers should bring corn to maturity about two weeks earlier than direct seeding.  Not all varieties perform well in this system.  Test your favorite early-mid maturity varieties in small trials before committing large amounts of trays and greenhouse space to them. 

Harvesting and Storage

The sweetness and tenderness of sweet corn will deteriorate rapidly after harvest. Sweet corn should be cooled immediately after harvest and kept at 32ºF to retain optimum freshness. The crop is best harvested early in the morning when there is less field heat. Harvesting at the proper stage (milk stage) is critical in maintaining quality. During the summer, sweet corn will be at the proper stage only 1-2 days. It will approach maturity 16-22 days after silking and should be picked daily. As the kernel passes the prime harvest time, sugars convert to starch and the pericarp becomes tough. Supersweet varieties retain their sweetness longer than su and se varieties; extra tender varieties maintain eating quality even longer.

NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

Leaf Spots (Helminthosporium, Cochiliobolus, Cercospora)

Plant resistant varieties. Improve air circulation by plant spacing and site selection. Plow under crop debris promptly after harvest to speed decomposition. Fungicide rotation is critical for prevention of resistance development- do not make back-to-back applications of products with active ingredients from the same group.

azoxystrobin (Quadris F AKA Abound F): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Group 11. May be extremely phytotoxic to certain apple varieties. See label for restrictions. 

azoxystrobin & propiconazole (Quilt): 7.0 to 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d (sweet), PHI 30d (popcorn), REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3. 

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik AKA Bravo 720): 0.75 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group M05. Do not apply to sweet corn to be processed. Not labeled for popcorn.

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Priaxor Xemium): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d (sweet), PHI 21d (popcorn), REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11.

mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.2 qt/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Group M03. 

propiconazole (Tilt): 2.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d (sweet), PHI 30d (popcorn), REI 24h, Group 3.

pyraclostrobin (Headline): 6.0 to 12.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 11.

pyraclostrobin plus metaconazole (Headline AMP AKA BAS 556 SC): 8.0 to 14.4 fl oz/A; PHI 7-20d (see label), REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.

trifloxystrobin plus propiconazole (Stratego): 10.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.

Northern Corn Leaf Blight (Exserohilum (Helminthosporium) turcicum)

Northern corn leaf blight is an emerging problem on farms up and down the Connecticut River Valley. Northern corn leaf blight can develop very rapidly resulting in a complete blighting of leaves. E. turcicum overwinters in and on leaf debris and conidia can be spread long distances by wind. Under the right conditions (prolonged leaf wetness, extended rainy and humid weather, moderate temperatures), conidia are produced abundantly and disease spread is rapid. Reduce primary inoculum by crop rotation and tilling under of crop residue. Evidence suggests more severe disease in reduced-till systems; 1-year rotations are suggested for conventional practices and 2-year rotations for reduced-till. Resistant hybrids of all maturity groups are available. Lesions may vary in morphology when certain genes for resistance to this disease are present. The presence of these genes results in long, yellow, linear streaks that resemble the symptoms of Stewart's Wilt. Growing susceptible varieties will cause the resistance of nearby resistant varieties to break down. Fungicide rotation is critical for prevention of resistance development- do not make back-to-back applications of products with active ingredients from the same group.

azoxystrobin (Quadris F AKA Abound F): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Group 11. May be extremely phytotoxic to certain apple varieties. See label for restrictions.

azoxystrobin plus propiconazole (Quilt):  7.0 to 14 .0fl oz/A; PHI 14d (sweet), PHI 30d popcorn), REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik AKA Bravo 720): 0.75 to 2 pt/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group M05. Do not apply to sweet corn to be processed. Not labeled for popcorn.

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Priaxor Xemium): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d (sweet), 21d (popcorn), REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11.

mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.2 qt/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Group M03. 

propiconazole (Tilt): 2.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d (sweet) PHI 30d (popcorn), REI 24h, Group 3.

pyraclostrobin (Headline): 6.0 to 12.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 11.

pyraclostrobin plus metaconazole (Headline AMP AKA BAS 556 SC): 8.0 to 14.4 fl oz/A; PHI 7-20d (see label), REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.

trifloxystrobin plus propiconazole (Stratego): 10.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d (sweet), 30d (popcorn), REI 12h, Groups 11 &3.

Rust (Puccinia species)

The common rust fungus that occurs on sweet corn does not overwinter in the Northeastern United States; each year it is blown up from the south. Rust can cause significant reduction in ear weight and yield on susceptible varieties. Corn is more susceptible to infection prior to tasseling so later maturing plantings may have higher losses. Fungicides will control this disease but should be applied before tasseling. Apply fungicides when 80% of the plants show 1 or more pustules per leaf. Resistant varieties are available. Fungicide rotation is critical for prevention of resistance development- do not make back-to-back applications of products with active ingredients from the same group.

azoxystrobin plus propiconazole (Quilt): 10.5 to 14 fl oz/A; PHI 14d (sweet), PHI 30d (popcorn), REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.

benzovindiflupyr (Trivapro A): 4.0 to 10.5 fl oz/A (see label); PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 7.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik AKA Bravo 720): 0.75 to 2 pt/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group M5. Do not apply to sweet corn to be processed. Not labeled for popcorn.

fluxapyroxad plus pyraclostrobin (Priaxor Xemium): 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d (sweet), 21d (popcorn), REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11.

mancozeb (Dithane F45 ): 1.2 qt/A; PHI 7d, REI 24h, Group M03.

propiconazole (Tilt): 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d (sweet), PHI 30d (popcorn), REI 24h, Group 3. 

pyraclostrobin (Headline): 6.0 to 12.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 11.

pyraclostrobin plus metaconazole (Headline AMP): 8.0 to 14.4 fl oz/A; PHI 7-20d (see label), REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.

trifloxystrobin plus propiconazole (Stratego): 10.0 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Groups 11 &3.

Seed Decay

Buy treated seed. Do not use treated seed for food, feed or oil purposes.

Common Smut (Ustilago maydis)

Smut occurs sporadically from one season to another but usually less than 2% of the plants are affected. The disease is favored by dry conditions when temperatures are between 80° F and 90° F and nitrogen fertility is high. Injury due to cultivation, hail or wind-blown sand can increase the incidence of disease when environmental conditions are favorable. Fungicides will not provide effective control of common smut.

Stalk Rots (Gibberella, Stenocarpella, Macrophomina, Colletotrichum, Fusarium)

Fungal stalk rots continue to be serious diseases of corn. Their occurrence and severity vary from year to year. Stalk rots cause losses by causing premature plant death, difficulties with mechanical harvesting,  and ear rot due to contact of ears with the soil. Factors that influence stalk rot include the susceptibility of the hybrids, weather conditions, the presence of foliar diseases, plant densities, insect damage, moisture availability, soil fertility, and tillage practices. Soil fertility, tillage, and plant density can be adjusted to provide control. Stalk rot is more severe and more common where soil fertility is high. Nitrogen (N) levels can both increase and decease stalk rot; an excess of N in relation to potassium (K) increases stalk rot. A balanced and continuous supply of N reduces the occurrence of stalk rot. Adequate K reduces stalk rot severity by strengthening cell walls. In general, corn debris left on the surface of the soil harbors many foliar diseases that increase stalk rot by reducing photosynthesis. As the population of plants increases, the incidence and severity of stalk rot also increase, especially in susceptible hybrids. Control is most successfully achieved through the use of resistant hybrids. Cultural practices such as balanced fertility, proper plant spacing, and reduction of other plant stresses, such as insect damage, can also reduce stalk rot.

Stewart's Wilt (Pantoae (Erwinia) stewartii )

This bacterial disease is spread by the corn flea beetle and is particularly damaging when susceptible varieties are planted following mild winters. P. stewartii overwinters in the alimentary tract of adult corn flea beetles, not in the soil or in plant debris. Severity of Stewart's Wilt depends on three factors: the winter temperatures prior to planting, the amount of disease the previous season, and cultivar susceptibility. If cold winter temperatures occur, fewer flea beetles survive to transmit the disease. The amount of disease in the previous season determines the percentage of emerging beetles carrying the bacterium. Hybrids with greater levels of resistance can tolerate more infection with less yield loss. Resistance restricts the movement of the bacteria in the plant. Grow varieties that are resistant to the disease.  Use insecticides to control flea beetles, particularly on susceptible varieties in the seedling stage. This is not as effective as resistant varieties, but reduces losses where susceptible hybrids must be planted. Scout frequently for flea beetles as rapid growth of leaf tissue makes untreated surfaces available.

 Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV)

There are several strains of MDMV which are spread by more than 20 species of aphids. The virus can be seedborne in maize and probably in some annual grasses. The virus is nonpersistent but is retained by the aphid for up to 18 hours. This allows time for the vector to be transported from southern states where MDMV is more prevalent and many weed hosts occur. Johnson grass is an important perennial weed host for MDMV occurring in southern New England and it should be eradicated. Plant resistant or tolerant corn varieties. Golden Gleam, Sundance, Spring Gold, Seneca Star, Early Fortune, Sugar Loaf, Dandy and Capitan have some tolerance. Enforcer, Biguard, Silver Red and Seneca 258 are resistant. MDMV is more likely to be a problem for later plantings. Plant late plantings away from peach trees, overwintering host of the green peach aphid.

NOTES:  For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (AI) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same AI. Please see Table 26 and Insecticides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on these insecticides.

The designation (Bee: L, M, or H) indicates a bee toxicity rating of low, moderate, or high. See the Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators section for more details.

The symbol * indicates a product is a restricted use pesticide. See Pesticide Safety and Use for more details.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

All tolerances for chlorpyrifos in food crops were revoked in 2022, therefore products containing chlorpyrifos (e.g. Lorsban) cannot be applied to any food crop and growers CAN NOT use up existing stock.

Caution: Insecticides should not be applied when bees are active in the field.  Avoid products with high bee toxicity during pollen shed. If application of an insecticide is necessary while the crop is blooming, select products with low bee toxicity or with short residual period; apply in the evening after the bees have left the field. See Protecting Honeybees and Native Pollinators in the Insect Management section for more suggestions on how to avoid harmful effects on pollinators.

Sprayer Type and Configuration

In sweet corn, the best coverage is achieved with a boom-type sprayer with drop nozzles. The nozzles should be arranged so that one nozzle is over the row and a double-drop system is used between rows, with the lower nozzle is directed up toward the ear and upper nozzle directed down, to bracket the ear zone.  For whorl and pretassel stages, one nozzle over the row or with a single drop nozzle is adequate. Use hollow-cone nozzles at 75 to 100 psi to achieve good penetration, droplet size and coverage.  Mist blowers do not provide as effective coverage of the ear zone and may result in poorer coverage in the center of the block because each row of corn acts as a filter. However, on hilly land or for other reasons a mist blower may be the most feasible sprayer option. If a mist blower is used, plant fewer rows per block for later corn when insect pressure is typically higher. Direct some spray over the canopy, so it can settle into the corn from above, as well as through the corn rows.  Spray only in very calm conditions. For all sprayers, assess sprayer coverage by clipping water-sensitive cards on ears at the edge and center of the block and on both sides of the plant, then spraying water at the pressure and speed normally used.

Armyworm, Fall (Spodoptora frugiperda) and Common (Pseudaletia unipunctata)

The fall armyworm (FAW) does not overwinter in New England. Infestations result from moths carried northward on storm fronts from mid-July into September. Flights are heavier near the coast, but occur inland as well. FAW flights are sporadic and unpredictable, and do not necessarily correspond with corn earworm flights, so monitoring with pheromone traps in whorl stage corn is very useful. Male adult moths are ¾" long and have mottled brown forewings with a slanting white bar across the wing, and plain light tan hindwings. Female moths lay clusters of eggs on the leaves of a variety of host plants, preferring whorl stage corn to older corn. Eggs hatch in 2 to 10 days, depending upon temperature. Caterpillars are smooth (unlike CEW) and dark green or brown with lengthwise stripes and dark spots. Full-grown larvae reach 1.5 inch. The head capsule is dark with a distinctive light-colored marking in the form of an upside-down Y.

Feeding damage from caterpillars occurs first in whorl stage corn, deep within the whorl, on leaves and in the newly forming green tassel. In whorl stage corn, caterpillars produce ragged feeding damage to leaves and masses of sawdust-like excrement. As corn matures, larvae burrow into the side of corn ears, leaving behind frass and a large hole, and into the tip, making a mess of the kernels and rendering the ear unmarketable. When full grown, larvae drop to the ground and pupate in the soil. The most effective way to prevent ear damage is to apply controls during whorl and tassel stage. If flights remain high throughout ear development, silk sprays may be needed.

Monitor fall armyworm moth flight with a bucket trap (e.g., Universal Moth Trap or Multipher traps) with a lure clipped under the lid (Scentry 4-component lure is recommended) and a vapor strip placed inside the trap. Hang the trap on a stake at plant height in whorl stage corn. Identify and count FAW moths at least weekly. Flag the location well and move the trap to younger corn at tasseling. Replace the lure every 2 to 4 weeks, and the vapor strip every 6 to 8 weeks.

Scout whorl and emerging tassel stage corn by checking 100 plants in groups of 10 or 20 in a V or X pattern across the field. Avoid checking only field edges and select plants at random, not only where you can see damage. A plant is ‘infested’ if at least one caterpillar is found. If feeding damage is old and no larva is found, the caterpillar may have left the plant to pupate in the soil. If 15% or more of plants are infested with FAW, a control is needed.
In emerging tassels, combine counts for ECB and FAW. For example, if 10% of plants have FAW and 12% have ECB, the combined infestation is 22%, above the 15% threshold.

Common armyworm, also known as armyworm or true armyworm, migrates from southern areas anytime from March to September. Eggs are laid on grasses and grains in preference to corn and other crops. Larvae feed at night and are grayish green with a broad stripe on each side and a yellow-brown head. Damage is similar to fall armyworm and is often spotty and not sufficient to require treatment. Outbreaks are not common in New England but do occur occasionally, and can cause significant damage.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.8 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Use alone to control light populations or first and second instar larvae. Add a contact insecticide to control more mature larvae and higher populations. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products (Dipel).

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Use alone to control light populations or first and second instar larvae. Add a contact insecticide to control more mature larvae and higher populations. Must be ingested; apply in evening or early morning, before larvae are actively feeding. Adherence and weather-fastness will improve with use of an approved spreader-sticker. Use high rate at cool temperatures. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai (XenTari).

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For first and second instar only.

Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 1 to 8 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 2d ears, REI 24h or 21 days for workers detasseling corn, Bee: H, Group 1A. For fall armyworm. Hand harvesting is prohibited. Highly toxic to bees; avoid use in corn that is shedding pollen. May encourage buildup of aphids by killing natural enemies.

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. For foliar applications.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.

deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Apply to early instar larvae prior to boring into ear or stalk.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For fall armyworm, target first and second instar only. Direct the application to the ear zone to obtain thorough coverage of the corn silk.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. FAW only.

indoxacarb (Avaunt): 2.5 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h for mechanically harvested and 14 days for hand harvested, Bee: H, Group 22. Whorl through tassel emergence (prior to silking) application only. For fall armyworm only.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Use high rate for large larvae.

methomyl (Lannate* SP): 0.25 to 0.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Some sweet corn varieties may be damaged by methomyl. More severe damage may occur with the Lannate* LV formulation than with the Lannate* SP (Soluble Powder) formulation.

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid): 4 to 16 fl. oz./A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18.

methoxyfenozide + spinetoram (Intrepid Edge): 4 to 12 fl. oz./A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5 & 18.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 3 to 6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Apply as directed spray into leaf whorls or as broadcast spray.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 1.5 to 6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Apply as directed spray into leaf whorls or as broadcast spray.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys)

See stink bugs in the insect control section of Tomato, Outdoor for information on brown marmorated stink bug.       

acetamiprid (Assail): 2.3 oz./A; PHI 7d, REI 12 h, Bee: M, Group 4A. Suppression only.

bifenthrin (Brigade* 2EC): 6.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12 hr, Bee: H, Group 3A. Do not make aerial or ground applications to corn if heavy rainfall is imminent.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A.

Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa zea)

Corn earworm (CEW) moths migrate annually into the Northeast, traveling north on storm fronts, and may arrive anytime from late June through September. Heaviest numbers are found in coastal areas and up the major river valleys. The severity of infestations varies from year to year and may change suddenly during the season. CEW feeds in a wide range of crops and among vegetables its favorite crops are corn and tomato (hence it is also known as ‘tomato fruitworm’). 

Adult moths are light tan with a distinctive dark spot on each forewing, and a dark band near the margin of the hind wing, and a wingspan of 1.2-1.5". Live moths have bright green eyes. Moths are active at night. Fresh silk is highly attractive for egg-laying.  When migratory flights arrive, females are ready to lay eggs. Single, globe-shaped eggs are laid directly on fresh silk and hatch in 2.5 to 6 days depending on temperature. Newly-hatched caterpillars crawl down the silk channel and feed on the kernels at the tip, leaving unsightly frass. In the tip, they are protected from insecticide sprays. Corn earworm larvae may be brown, tan, green, or pink, with light and dark longitudinal stripes and reach 1.5 to 2" when full grown. CEW can be distinguished from FAW and ECB by the plain, golden brown head capsule and small bumps and spines that give the body a rough texture.

Monitoring moth flight with pheromone traps is key to successful season-long control, because it enables farms to respond quickly to changes in flight and to avoid unnecessary sprays. Reports of moth trap captures at selected locations are provided in most New England states. The most accurate and timely flight information will be obtained by monitoring your own fields. Heliothis net traps baited with Hercon Heliothis zea pheromone lures are commercially available and widely used in the region. Place traps in blocks with fresh silk and count moths twice weekly to monitor average nightly catch. Replace lures every 2 weeks and move traps to a block with fresh silk as soon as silk dries.

Sprays or other control measures must be timed to prevent larvae from entering the ear. Control depends upon maintaining insecticide coverage on the silks when eggs are being laid and hatching. Directed sprays to the ear zone provide the best control. Repeat applications to silk every 3 to 6 days depending on trap captures according to the chart below. If maximum daily temperature is below 85º F for 2 to 3 days, spray intervals may be extended by 1 day. Continue treatments until 5 to 7 days before final harvest or until silk is completely dry and brown. Use selective materials to conserve natural enemies of aphids and other pests.

Spray Intervals for Corn Earworm

Based on moth captures in Heliothis net traps

Bt hybrids that express the insect toxin found in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in leaves, husks and kernels offer protection against CEW and may not require additional insecticide applications for control of this pest.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.8 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Use alone to control light populations and add a contact insecticide to control moderate to heavy populations. Maintain frequent spray intervals.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 1 to 8 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group un.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 2d ears, REI 24h or 21 days for workers detasseling corn, Bee: H, Group 1A. Hand harvesting is prohibited. Highly toxic to bees; avoid use in corn that is shedding pollen. May encourage buildup of aphids by killing natural enemies.

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. For foliar applications.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.

deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Apply to early instar larvae prior to boring into ear or stalk.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

methomyl (Lannate* SP): 0.25 to 0.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group A. Some corn varieties may be damaged by methomyl. More severe damage may occur with the Lannate* LV formulation than with the Lannate* SP (Soluble Powder) formulation. May not provide effective control under high corn earworm pressure.

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid): 4 to 16 fl. oz./A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18.

methoxyfenozide + spinetoram (Intrepid Edge): 8 to 12 fl. oz./A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5 & 18.

nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa zea (Gemstar^OG): 4-10 fl. oz./A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee:L, Group UN. Do not tank mix with Bt products. Frequent application at low rates is usually more effective than infrequent application at high rates.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

soybean oil (Golden Pest Spray Oil^OG): 0.5 ml applied by hand directly to silk within 6 to 7 days after 50% of the ears are silking; REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 25. Apply at least 5 days after silk initiation to avoid tip injury, and before 7 days after silk initiation to gain optimum control. Mix with Bacillus thuringiensis, spinosad or neem for improved control. One application per field. Commercial oil applicators (i.e., Zea-later) are available.

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 3 to 6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Apply as broadcast or directed spray into ear zone.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 3 to 6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Apply as directed spray to ear zone or as broadcast spray; ensure thorough wetting of silks. Effective for low to moderate CEW pressure; may be less effective when CEW pressure is high (13 or more moths/night in pheromone trap) or when a 3-day spray schedule is warranted. A 1 to 2-day re-treatment schedule may be necessary at silking.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Corn Leaf Aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis)

The corn leaf aphid (CLA) is blue-green or black, with black legs. These aphids overwinter as eggs or females on grass weeds and grains, including barley and wheat. When these cereals mature, winged aphids develop and migrate to corn and wild grasses.  Both winged and wingless female aphids occur together.  Females produce live young (nymphs) which mature in as little as 6 days, resulting in many generations per year. In corn, CLA first colonize whorl leaves and the immature tassel. Populations may become numerous enough to interfere with pollen shed and to stunt plants, and to infest layers of the husk with aphids. Maize dwarf mosaic virus may be spread by the corn leaf aphid, though the most important vector for this disease is the green peach aphid. In addition, aphids excrete a sugary liquid called ‘honeydew’ which coats leaves and husks and encourage growth of sooty mold fungus. The presence of aphids and honeydew on corn husks reduces their marketability. Varieties with purple or green tassels seem to be less susceptible to aphid build-up than those with yellow tassels. Ample rainfall or irrigation during the silk stage can reduce or eliminate aphid damage. Natural enemies reduce aphid numbers, but may not provide adequate control, especially in dry seasons. Whenever possible, conserve predators and parasites by using selective insecticides to control caterpillars. Sweet corn plantings that are seeded before 10 June are generally not bothered by corn leaf aphids. Monitor for aphids while scouting whorl or pre-tassel stage corn for ECB or FAW in July and August. Pre-tassel stage sprays may be needed when 50% of the plants are infested, or if 25% have heavy infestations. Sprays applied before 50% of the tassels emerge are more effective than later sprays.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac EC*): 2.8 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

acetamiprid (Assail): 0.9 to 1.2 oz./A; PHI 1d, REI 12 h, Bee: M, Group 4A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 2 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.

deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

flupyradifurone (Sivanto): 7 to 14 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 4D.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Suppression only.

methomyl (Lannate* SP): 0.25 to 0.5 lb/A; PHI 0d for ears, PHI 3d if used for forage, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. See ECB section for phytotoxicity warning.

petroleum oil (Suffoil X^OG): 1 to 2 gal/100 gal water; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L.

thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS): 1.28 to 5.1 oz/100 lb of seed; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4. Systemic seed treatment. Use standard slurry seed treatment equipment to ensure uniform coverage of kernels. For early season protection from corn leaf aphid.

Cutworms, including Black Cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon)

Black cutworm is the most common of the many cutworm species that damage corn in New England. Adults are night-flying tan and black moths, while the caterpillars are dark-grey to black and up to 2" in length. Moths from the South arrive between March and June. Eggs are laid mostly on grasses and winter annual weeds, usually near areas of the field prone to flooding. Certain fields tend to have a history of repeated cutworm damage. The larvae feed after dark while hiding under the soil surface during the day. There are 2 to 3 generations per year but usually only the first generation, which produces larvae in May and June, damages corn. Small larvae feed on leaves and occasionally larger larvae cut seedlings off near the soil line. Adults can be monitored with a yellow and white Unitrap from March through May. A catch of over 40 moths before June indicates that frequent spring and early summer scouting is prudent. Scout problem fields weekly, checking at least 100 plants for leaf feeding and cut stems, especially near field margins. Spot spray heavily hit areas or edges of the field if 5% of the plants have been cut down. For best results, make application between midnight and dawn while cutworms are feeding aboveground. Foliar-applied rescue treatments are recommended over preventative soil-applied insecticides. Ground beetles, parasitic flies and wasps and other general predators help reduce populations. When corn follows sod/hay in rotation, fall-plowing may lower cutworm populations by reducing spring egg-laying sites. Weedy and reduced-till fields tend to suffer the most damage.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

beta-cyfluthrin + tebuprimphos (Aztec* 2.1G): 6.7 oz/1000 row ft; REI 48h, Bee: H, Groups 3A and 1B.

bifenthrin (Capture* LFR): 3.4 to 13.6 oz/A for at-plant applications; 4 to 5.3 oz/A for pre-plant incorporation applications; 3.4 oz/A for pre-emergence applications; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Apply as T-band over open furrow or over the row on soil surface, in-furrow with the seed, or incorporated pre-planting to seed planting depth.

bifenthrin + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (Ethos XB): 8.5 to 17.0 fl oz/A, PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A and BM 02 fungicide. Apply as a 5 to 7 inch band (T-band) over an open furrow, or in-furrow with the seed mixing. Can be mixed directly with liquid fertilizer. Biofungicide suppresses pathogens responsible for damping off. 

carbaryl (10% Sevin Granules): 10 lb/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h or 21 days for workers detasseling corn, Bee: H, Group 1A. Ground broadcast equipment applications only. Hand harvesting prohibited.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee:H, Groups 28 & 3A.

deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1 to 1.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Apply to early instar larvae prior to boring into ear or stalk.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

ethoprop (Mocap* 15%G): 20 lb/A; REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Apply 3 days before planting toat-planting time. Broadcast and incorporate immediately into top 2" of soil.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.041 oz/1000 row ft for at-plant soil application, 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A foliar; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.33 fl oz/1,000 ft. as T-band or furrow application at planting, 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A foliar; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. 

methomyl (Lannate* SP): 0.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Some sweet corn varieties may be damaged by methomyl. More severe damage may occur with the Lannate* LV formulation than with the Lannate* SP (Soluble Powder) formulation.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

spinosad (Seduce^OG): 20 to 44 lb/A or 0.5 to1 lb/1000 sq ft.; PHI 1d, REI 4 h, Bee: M, Group 5. Spread bait on soil around plants; reapply after heavy rain or at least every 2 to 4 weeks but not more than 3 times per 30 days.

tefluthrin (Force* CS): 0.46 to 0.57 oz/1000 row feet; REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For t-banded or in-furrow applications.

thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS): 1.28 to 5.1 oz/100 lb of seed; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic seed treatment. Use standard slurry seed treatment equipment to ensure uniform coverage of kernels. For early season protection from black cutworm.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)

European corn borer (ECB) is a resident pest that has 2 generations per year in southern and central New England and 1 generation in northern New England. Sweet corn is one of over 200 crop and weed host plants of this pest; other vegetable crops affected include bean, pepper and potato. Larvae overwinter in stalks of corn and other host plants and pupate in the spring. Adult moths emerge in late May or early June and mate in weedy or grassy areas. Growing degree days (GDD) with a base temperature of 50°F may be used to predict the beginning of moth flight (374 GDD), first eggs (450 GDD), and peak flight (631 GDD). The moths are about ¾" long, light brown in color with lighter bands on the wings. Three to 7 days after emergence, depending on temperature, females begin to lay flat, white egg masses on the underside of leaves in early corn. Eggs hatch in about 5 to 7 days (100 GDD). ECB larvae are light-colored, with a pattern of small dark spots on each segment. The head capsule is flattened and black or dark brown. Newly hatched larvae are 1/8" long and full-grown larvae are 3/4" to 1" long. Larvae feed in the whorl, leaving pinhole damage, and in the succulent emerging tassel creating brown frass in the florets. As the corn matures, these larvae move downward, bore into the stalk and tunnel into ears through the side or tip. Pupae form inside larval tunnels in the stalk. A second flight begins in mid-July to mid-August, depending on location and the seasonal growing degree day accumulation (beginning of second flight, 1400 GDD; first eggs 1450 GDD; egg hatch 1550 GDD). When moths are active during silking, eggs are laid on leaves near the ear and larvae move directly into the ear by tunneling through the husk or down the silk channel.

Since the ECB overwinters as a mature larva in corn stalks and stubble, plowing under corn refuse in the fall or early spring will help control this pest. Fields that have been in sweet corn or field corn for a long time tend to have higher pressure from ECB. Weedy fields also have higher pressure.  Natural enemies include the twelve-spotted ladybeetle which preys on eggs and small larvae. Releases of Trichogramma ostriniae, a tiny parasitic wasp which attacks ECB eggs, can reduce the need for insecticide applications. See Table 22, Biological Controls for Insect Pests for more information.

ECB flight can be monitored with 2 Scentry Heliothis net traps baited with either a New York E (II) or Iowa Z (I) lure, placed at least 50'  apart in weedy borders of corn fields with the bottom at weed height. Both types of lures are needed in New England because both E and Z strains are present. Check traps once or twice per week and replace lures every 2 weeks. Once flight is detected, corn with newly emerging tassels should be scouted weekly for the presence of ECB larvae by inspecting the tassels of 50 to 100 plants, in groups of 5 to 20 plants throughout the field. Treat if more than 15% of the plants have one or more larvae present. Timing sprays for tassel emergence reaches larvae in the whorl and the young tassel. A sprayer configuration with one nozzle directed into the tassel and a single drop nozzle to the upper parts of the plant gives the best control.  At high levels of infestation, 2 applications may be needed to provide control. Use of selective products to control ECB will conserve natural enemies of aphids and ECB.

Corn started under plastic or row cover often reaches silk stage during the first flight of ECB, such that the first eggs laid hatch during ear development. As a result, ears can be heavily infested by this pest even though scouting in early tassel did not show any feeding damage or larvae. If plants are in silk and moths are active, it is important to protect developing ears. This is also true for late season corn during the second ECB flight, especially when other caterpillar pests are absent.

Genetically modified Bt hybrids that express the insect toxin found in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) generally provide adequate defense against European corn borer and may not require additional insecticide applications, but scouting is still recommended to assess ECB and other pests.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.8 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. See the general recommendations for Bt kurstaki below. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products.

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF^OG): 0.5 to 2 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 11. Must be ingested; apply when larvae are actively feeding. Ensure good coverage and use a spreader sticker. Use a shorter spray interval (4 to 5 days) and high rates under high borer pressure. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai (XenTari).

Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC^OG): 1 to 8 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group un.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Applications must be made prior to larva boring into the plant.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1.5 to 2 qt/A; PHI 2d ears, REI 24h or 21 days for workers detasseling corn, Bee: H, Group 1A. Hand harvesting is prohibited. Highly toxic to bees; avoid use in corn that is shedding pollen. May encourage buildup of aphids by killing natural enemies.

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 7.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 28. For foliar applications.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M. Group UN.

deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Apply to early instar larvae prior to boring into ear or stalk.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

indoxacarb (Avaunt): 2.5 to 3.5 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h for mechanically harvested and 14 days for hand harvested, Bee: H, Group 22. Whorl through tassel emergence (prior to silking) application only.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Use higher rates for large larvae.

methomyl (Lannate* SP): 0.25 to 0.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. Treat a small area of the field to determine cultivar sensitivity before spraying entire field. Phytotoxicity may occur on some varieties. More severe damage may occur with the Lannate* LV formulation than with the Lannate* SP (Soluble Powder) formulation.

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 16 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: L, Group 18. Direct application at the whorl for early season infestations; broadcast over row for mid- to late-season infestations.

methoxyfenozide + spinetoram (Intrepid Edge): 4 to 12 fl. oz./A; PHI 3d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5 & 18.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 3 to 6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Apply as directed spray into leaf whorls or as broadcast spray.

spinosad (Entrust SC^OG): 1.5 to 6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group 5. Apply as directed spray into leaf whorls or as broadcast spray. Time applications to coincide with peak egg hatch of each generation. Frequent treatments may be necessary when the crop is growing rapidly, during silking or under heavy pest pressure.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 3 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Flea Beetle, Corn (Chaetocnema pulicaria)

Corn flea beetles are black, tinged with bronze or bluish green, and overwinter in plant residue around the fields. They move to corn seedlings in early spring, where they feed and lay eggs in soil. Direct feeding damage is not significant, but economic damage can be caused by Stewart’s bacterial wilt, which is vectored by the beetles.  Cold winters reduce the risk of this disease, while mild winters improve beetle survival and hence transmission of wilt. A Winter Temperature Index uses the sum of the average monthly temperatures of December, January and February (in ºF) to forecast the Stewart’s wilt severity for the season: wilt is predicted to be absent if the Index is <90º F, intermediate if 90º F to 100º F, and destructive if >100º F.   The disease may appear on the earliest plantings and grow worse on succession plantings of susceptible varieties. Use resistant or tolerant varieties where possible, especially on early plantings (see Sweet Corn Varieties Section). Spunbonded row covers protect plants against this pest. Scout on sunny, calm days when beetles are active. Start applications when plants are in the spike stage if beetles are present and causing damage, especially on susceptible varieties. Apply additional treatments as needed.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

acetamiprid (Assail): 1.7 to 2.3 oz./A; PHI 7d, REI 12 h, Bee: M, Group 4A.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 2d ears, REI 24h or 21 days for workers detasseling corn, Bee: H, Group 1A. Hand harvesting is prohibited. Highly toxic to bees; avoid use in corn that is shedding pollen. May encourage buildup of aphids by killing natural enemies.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee:H, Groups 28 & 3A.

deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1 to 1.5 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

methomyl (Lannate* SP): 0.25 to 0.5 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. See ECB section for phytotoxicity warning.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

phorate (Thimet* 20-G): 4.5 to 6 oz/1,000 row feet; PHI 30d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Apply in a 7" band over the row at planting and lightly incorporate. DO NOT use in-furrow.

terbufos (Counter* 20G): 4.5 to 6 oz/1,000 row feet for any row spacing; REI 48h, Bee: M, Group 1B. Place granules in seed furrow behind planter shoe or in a 4-5" band over the row, and lightly incorporate.

thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS): 1.28 to 5.1 oz/100 lb of seed; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic seed treatment. Use standard slurry seed treatment equipment to ensure uniform coverage of kernels. For early season protection from corn flea beetles.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica)

These beetles feed on corn silk, but are usually controlled by sprays directed at controlling ECB and corn earworm.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

acetamiprid (Assail): 2.3 oz./A; PHI 7d, REI 12 h, Bee: M, Group 4A.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adults only.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 2d ears, REI 24h or 21 days for workers detasseling corn, Bee: H, Group 1A. Hand harvesting is prohibited. Highly toxic to bees; avoid use in corn that is shedding pollen. May encourage buildup of aphids by killing natural enemies.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adults only.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adults only.

lamba-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adults only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0^OG): 4.5 to 17 oz/A; 0.25 to 0.50 oz/gal, 3 gal/1000 sq ft in greenhouse for backpack sprayers; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: M, Group 3A.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adults only.

Sap Beetles, Fourspotted (Glischrochilus quadrisignatus) and Dusky (Carpophilus lugubris) Sap Beetle

Sap beetle problems are more likely to occur on farms producing a variety of fruit and vegetable crops. Adult beetles are 3/16" long and are black (Dusky sap beetle), or black with orange spots (Fourspotted sap beetle, also known as ‘picnic beetle’). They survive the winter as pupae or adult beetles under soil or plant debris in fields, or under leaf litter along hedgerows and field margins. Eggs may be deposited in rotting fruit or discarded vegetable debris (cull piles), in wounds created by corn borer or birds, and on silk or in kernels at the tip of the ear.  Eggs are milky white and resemble tiny grains of rice, about 1/16" long. The larva is a white or light yellow grub that resembles a tiny, thin caterpillar or maggot. Larvae hollow out developing kernels, and damage may be found in the tip and scattered through the upper half of the ear.  Full grown larvae drop to the ground to pupate in the soil. Marketability of ears declines when damage, larvae or adults are present on or in kernels. Adults feed on pollen, sap, silk and injured or rotting fruit.  Males have an aggregation pheromone that attracts other beetles, both male and female. Adults move to corn at full tassel to feed on pollen, and build up as corn matures and silk turns brown. There are 2 to 4 generations per year with peak infestations in July (larvae) and late July and August (adults).

Cultural controls are essential to managing sap beetles. Ears with exposed tips, especially super sweet and Bt varieties, are more susceptible to infestation.  Research has shown that both the length and tightness of the tip cover is important to reduce infestations. Some varieties with long, tight tip cover include:  Accord, Argent, Avalon, Awesome, Bon Jour, Cuppa-Joe, Easy Money, Fantasia, Ka-Ching, Precious Gem, Prime Plus, Profit, Providence and Renaissance. To prevent or reduce damage, select varieties that have good tip cover, use clean cultivation, and control birds and ear-infesting caterpillars.  Eliminate or bury deeply any cull piles or other areas with decaying vegetables or fruit, included infested ears. Do not leave infested blocks standing; mow aggressively to chop ears as soon as the block is finished. Deep plowing may be necessary after harvest if infestations are high, to bury ears at least 4" deep.

Scout blocks at full tassel and early silk to determine if beetles are present. Unfortunately, there are no specific thresholds based on scouting. Insecticides may be warranted in fields with a previous history of 10% ear damage.  Research in Maryland showed that ear infestation begins just after silk emerges and that 1 or 2 applications made 3 and 6 to 7 days after silking begins is more effective than later or more applications. Insecticides will reduce the number of damaged kernels and ears but will not completely control heavy infestations.  Sap beetle adults and larvae are not susceptible to the Bt toxin that is present in Bt corn. Efficacy trials have shown that carbaryl (Sevin), lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II), bifenthrin (Bifenture), and methomyl (Lannate) are more effective than most other insecticides.  However, carbaryl cannot be used during the early silk period while corn is shedding pollen and does not allow for hand harvesting after use.

alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac* EC): 2.2 to 3.8 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

acetamiprid (Assail): 1.7 to 2.3 oz./A; PHI 1d, REI 12 h, Bee: M, Group 4A.

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 1A. 1 to 2 qt/A; PHI 2d ears, REI 24h or 21 days for workers detasseling corn, Bee: H, Group 1A. Hand harvesting is prohibited. Highly toxic to bees; avoid use in corn that is shedding pollen. May encourage buildup of aphids by killing natural enemies. Sap beetles only.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee:H, Groups 28 & 3A.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adult sap beetle only. 

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adult sap beetle only.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adult sap beetle only.

malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1.5 pt/A; PHI 5d, REI 12h or 72h for workers detasseling corn, Bee: H, Group 1B. Begin treatment when 10% of ears show silk. Apply when nymphs are young. Injury may occur in the whorl and silk stages using this type of Malathion product.

methomyl (Lannate* SP): 0.25 to 0.5 lb/A; PHI 0d for ears, PHI 3d if used for forage, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1A. See ECB section for phytotoxicity warning.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Adult sap beetle only.

Seedcorn Maggot (Delia platura)

See seedcorn maggot in the insect control section of Beans for more information about biology and management.

beta-cyfluthrin + tebuprimphos (Aztec* 2.1G): 6.7 oz/1000 row ft; REI 48h, Bee: H, Groups 3A and 1B.

bifenthrin (Capture* LFR): 3.4 to 6.8 oz/A for at-plant applications; 4 to 5.3 oz/A for pre-plant incorporation applications; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Apply as T-band over open furrow, in-furrow with the seed, or incorporated pre-planting to seed planting depth.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.041 oz/1000 row ft for at-plant soil application; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.33 fl oz/1,000 ft as T-band or furrow application at planting; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.  

phorate (Thimet* 20-G): 4.5 to 6 oz/1,000 row feet in a 7" band over the row at planting and lightly incorporate; PHI 30d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. DO NOT use in-furrow.

tefluthrin (Force* CS): 0.46 to 0.57 oz/1000 row feet; REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For t-banded or in-furrow applications.

terbufos (Counter* 20G): 4.5 to 6 oz/1,000 row feet; REI 48h, Bee: M, Group 1B. Place granules in seed furrow behind planter shoe or in a 4-5" band over the row, and lightly incorporate.

thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS): 1.28 to 5.1 fl oz/100 lb of seed; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic seed treatment. Use standard slurry seed treatment equipment to ensure uniform coverage of kernels. For early-season protection from seedcorn maggot.

Stalk Borer (Papaipema nebris)

Stalk borer (also known as common stalk borer) is an occasional pest of corn and of other vegetable crops. It is the egg stage that overwinters, on grassy weeds where adult moths deposited them in the fall. Upon hatching in the spring, the caterpillars feed on grasses by boring into and along the stalk. When the caterpillars become too large to feed within the grass, they migrate to nearby thicker-stemmed wild and cultivated plants. In corn, infestations are heaviest in border rows and in fields with grassy weeds. Borers feed in the stalk or deep in the whorl, which may kill the growing tip. Larvae are brown to purplish brown with a broad white stripe on the back and each side. These stripes are interrupted by a distinctive, large brown spot around the whole body.  Pupation occurs in the soil in late summer, with adult emergence and activity from August to October. There is one generation per year. Reduced tillage fields, which may have higher levels of grassy and broad-leaf weeds, may result in increased levels of stalk borer. To reduce overwintering eggs, prevent or eliminate grassy weeds especially from August on. Destroy weeds and grasses at field margins to reduce invasions at field borders. Scout for injury soon after the corn emerges in the spring and treat infested corn as needed. Apply insecticides to outer rows at the first sign of damage by this pest. Treat small larvae before they bore into stalks.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.8 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Application must be made prior to larva boring into the plant.

chlorantraniliprole & lambda-cyhalothrin (Besiege*): 6 to 10 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Groups 28 & 3A.

Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo^OG): 1 to 3 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Bee: M, Group UN.

deltamethrin (Delta Gold*): 1.5 to 2.4 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Apply to early instar larvae prior to boring into ear or stalk.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 1.02 to 1.54 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 1.28 to 1.92 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

Wireworms and White Grub

See wireworms in the insect control section of Potato for more information. To avoid wireworm problems, corn should not be grown in rotation with sod or grass crops. Delay planting susceptible crops, such as corn or potatoes, on such land for at least two years after the sod has been broken. Summer fallow is recommended for at least one season.

Land that was in sod or pasture should be planted to legumes, such as alfalfa or clover, for a year or more before planting corn or other vegetables to reduce the number of white grubs in the soil.  Plow or harrow in mid-summer, after harvesting early corn, to reduce grub numbers.

beta-cyfluthrin + tebuprimphos (Aztec* 2.1G): 6.7 oz/1000 row ft; REI 48h, Bee: H, Groups 3A and 1B. 

bifenthrin (Capture* LFR):  3.4 to 13.6 oz/A for at-plant applications; 4 to 5.3 oz/A for pre-plant incorporation applications; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 3A. Apply as T-band over open furrow, in-furrow with the seed, or incorporated pre-planting to seed planting depth.

ethoprop (Mocap* 15%G): 8 oz/1,000 row feet; REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Apply as 6" to 7" band over closed seed furrow, then incorporate immediately into top 0.5" of soil. Suppression only for white grubs. Extremely toxic to birds; do not leave granules on soil surface.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare*): 0.021 oz/1000 row ft for at-plat soil applications; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior* II): 0.33 fl oz/1,000 ft. as T-band or furrow application at planting; PHI 1d, REI 24h, Bee: H, Group 3A.

phorate (Thimet* 20-G): 4.5 to 6 oz/1,000 row feet; PHI 30d, REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 1B. Apply in a 7" band over the row at planting and lightly incorporate. DO NOT use in-furrow.

tefluthrin (Force* CS): 0.46 to 0.57 oz/1000 row feet; REI 48h, Bee: H, Group 3A. For T-banded or in-furrow applications. Use high rate for heavy infestations. For best control, place in seed furrow.

terbufos (Counter* 20G): 4.5 to 6 oz/1,000 row feet; REI 48h, Bee: M, Group 1B. Place granules in seed furrow behind planter shoe or in a 4-5" band over the row, and lightly incorporate.

thiamethoxam (Cruiser 5FS): 1.28 to 5.1 fl oz/100 lb of seed; REI 12h, Bee: H, Group 4A. Systemic seed treatment. Use standard slurry seed treatment equipment to ensure uniform coverage of kernels. For early-season protection from wireworms and white grub (including Japanese beetle larvae, European chafer larvae, true white grub, annual white grub, May/June beetle larvae).

NOTE:  For the herbicides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient along with preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), resistance management group number, and example of rates and special instructions. In many cases there are other products available with the same active ingredient. However, not all products with the same active ingredient are registered for use in a crop. Always check the product label to be sure that the crop is listed before using. 

Delayed Herbicide Applications

Growers using atrazine (Aatrex) and or mesotrione (Callisto) for broadleaf weed control and either metolachlor (Dual) or pyroxasulfone (Zidua) for grass control in corn should consider delayed applications in their earliest plantings. Reasons for delaying herbicide applications in the earliest sweet corn plantings include:

1. Corn is most tolerant to both Dual and Zidua after emergence. Supersweet varieties and some "se" sweet corns are easily injured by these herbicides when the soil is below 60°F. Both Dual and Zidua as well as atrazine and Callisto can be applied at any time as long as the corn is less than 5" high. Bicep Lite II, a very commonly used prepack of atrazine and Dual, can also be used this way as can Lumax, a prepack of metolachlor, atrazine, and mesotrione.
2. If the first few plantings of sweet corn are sprayed on the same day, the amount of cleaning and rinsing of the spray tank is reduced since it does not need to be cleaned between applications when the same herbicide is used.
3. Delaying herbicide applications on the earliest plantings will also extend the activity of the herbicide later into the season. This is important in maintaining good weed control throughout the season to minimize weed seed production. Growers often rely on sweet corn rotations to reduce weed seed populations in the soil.

Growers should consider waiting until their first planting of sweet corn is 3"-5" high to apply herbicide. At this time all fields of sweet corn planted to-date can be treated. Each field sprayed will be at a different stage of growth. After that, each field should be sprayed soon after it is planted, since soils will be warmer and grasses are more likely to emerge soon after seeding the crop.

A possible problem with delayed applications involves the potential for poor control of grasses. Dual, Zidua, Bicep (atrazine + Dual), or Lumax (atrazine + Dual + Callisto) must be applied before grasses emerge. If grasses are not controlled in corn, yield reductions will likely occur. Also, as the soil warms up, grasses are likely to emerge soon after seeding.

Reduced Herbicide Rates for Corn Weed Management 

Be sure to follow the herbicide rates recommended in this guide. Only 1 lb active ingredient of atrazine is recommended for sweet corn in New England. This is well below the rate on the label and constitutes best management practices for groundwater protection. This rate could be reduced further, although the grower should be prepared to make a second application of atrazine if any weeds escape. Rates for Dual and Lasso should be selected based on soil type. Follow the label to determine the correct rate. Reducing the rate of Dual or Zidua is risky since it is very difficult to control grasses in sweet corn once they emerge.

Special Atrazine Precautions

The Environmental Protection Agency and Syngenta have revised the label uses of all atrazine products to reflect the potential for surface and groundwater contamination. Be sure to read and follow all directions and restrictions listed on the label. The preceding section on Reduced Herbicide Rates for Corn Weed Management reflects these concerns. All of the rates listed in this guide for atrazine are within the guidelines of the label. These include uses for single applications (applied before crop emergence or early postemergence) and sequential applications (applied both at planting and postemergence). Please read all labels carefully.

Stale Seedbed

The following herbicides are nonselective and are used to control weeds which are present in a field prior to planting the sweet corn or before the sweet corn emerges (see Stale Seedbed Technique in the Weed Management section). If a grower is using "no-till" or "minimum tillage," these herbicides are also used to kill the cover crop that may be present in the field.

glyphosate (Roundup Power Max): REI 12h, Group 9. Apply to emerged annual or perennial weeds prior to crop emergence. Do not feed crop residue to livestock for 8 weeks following treatment. Consult the manufacturer's label for specific weeds and rates. May be tank mixed with atrazine, simazine or alachlor.

paraquat (Gramoxone SL 2.0*): restricted use. REI 12h, Group 22. Use 2 – 4 pts/A.  Apply in 20 to 60 gallons spray mix to emerged weeds. Field should be prepared several days ahead of treatment to allow maximum weed emergence. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix. May be tank mixed with atrazine or simazine preemergence. Can also be applied as a preemergence. Check label for directions. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat training listed on the following website https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-training...(link is external). The training must be completed a minimum of every three years.

pelargonic acid (Scythe): PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 17. Use a 3 -10% solution (3 to 10 gallons per 100 gallons).

NOTE: For the disease control products listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, preharvest interval (PHI), restricted entry interval (REI), and special instructions. In many cases, there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 25 and Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

The symbol ^OG   indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details.

PESTICIDE USE IN GREENHOUSES AND HIGH TUNNELS:

Pesticides can be used on high tunnel and greenhouse crops if: 1) the crop and pest/disease is on the label, AND the products specifically says it can be used in the greenhouse; OR 2) the crop and pest/disease is on the label, AND the product is ‘silent’ about use in the greenhouse in the greenhouse. Products that specifically prohibit greenhouse use cannot be used in greenhouses or high tunnels regardless of the crops or pests/diseases listed on the label.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum), Alternaria Leaf Spot, and Black Rot (Didymella)

Plant only certified disease-free seed. Rotate out of cucurbits for at least 2 years. Control all weeds, especially volunteer cucurbits. Collect and burn or plow down deeply all infected crop debris after harvest. Grow cultivars with resistance if available. Avoid wounding fruit during harvesting. Immerse fruit in clean and fresh water containing a post-harvest sanitizer. Chemical control can be obtained through a regular spray program of eradicant or protective fungicides. Coverage of leaf undersides and fruit is crucial to success.

azoxystrobin (Quadris): 6.0 to 15.5 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.

azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 3.2 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M05.  See label for tank mix precautions.  

azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole (Quadris Top): 10.0 to 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3.

boscalid (Endura): 6.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. Not labeled for anthracnose.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.5 to 3.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05. Bravo WS can cause injury to watermelon fruit; see label.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12.

difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Group 3 & 9. Apply in sufficient volume to achieve thorough coverage.

famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Tank mix with an appropriate contact fungicide with a different mode of action. Not labeled for black rot.

fenamidone (Reason 500 SC): 5.5 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides. For Alternaria only.

fluopyram plus tebuconazole (Luna Experience): 6.0 to 17.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 3. Watermelon only.

mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.6 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03. Some cantaloupe varieties are sensitive.

mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01. 

penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 12.0 to 16.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 7. Not labeled for anthracnose.

polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.

potassium bicarbonate (MilStop^OG): 2.5 to 5.0 lb/100 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC. See label for small volume application rates.

pyraclostrobin (Cabrio EG): 12.0 to 16.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 11.

pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (Pristine): 12.5 to 18.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 11 &7. Do not make more than one application of Pristine before alternating with a non-Group 11 fungicide.

thiophanate methyl (Topsin M 70WP): For anthracnose and black rot only, 0.5 lb/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 1. The repeated exclusive use of Topsin M may lead to buildup of resistant strains of fungi and loss of disease control.

Downy Mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Pseudoperonospora cubensis infects only members of the cucurbit family and is an obligate parasite. Its survival depends on the presence of living cucurbit hosts, either in climates which permit their growth year round or in greenhouse culture. The source of primary inoculum in cold climates is windblown sporangia from areas where plants survive the cold season. Generally, downy mildew of cucurbits does not arrive in southern New England until September. However, in some seasons it can move up the eastern seaboard early and arrive in July. The progress of downy mildew is tracked by the North American Plant Disease Forecast Center and warnings issued based on disease progression and weather (http://cdm.ipmpipe.org/).  Physiological specialization occurs in P. cubensis and at least 5 pathotypes have been described. Cucumber and melon are susceptible to all pathotypes, while squash and pumpkin cultivars vary in their reactions. Spread of downy mildew within a field can be by air currents, rain splash, workers, and tools. The main means of control are fungicide applications, the use of resistant cultivars, and cultural practices. Maximum control can be achieved only with a combination of these measures. Maximize the distance from potential inoculum sources. Use plant spacing which reduces the density of the plant canopy and avoid overhead irrigation. Both these practices are aimed at minimizing the length of leaf wetness periods. Some commercial cultivars of cucumber have good levels of resistance to downy mildew. Watermelon and melon cultivars are available with low levels of resistance. Squash and pumpkin cultivars are resistant to some pathotypes but are very susceptible to compatible pathotypes.

ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 45 and 40.

azoxystrobin plus chlorothalonil (Quadris Opti): 3.2 pt/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & M05. See label for tank mix precautions.     

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.25 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM02. Disease suppression only. For improved control; mix or rotate with a chemical fungicide.

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 1.5 to 2.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

cyazofamid (Ranman 400 SC): 2.1 to 2.75 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Alternate sprays of Ranman with a fungicide with a different mode of action.

cymoxanil (Curzate 60 DF): 3.2 to 5.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 27. Use only in combination of a labeled rate of a protectant fungicide (copper, chlorothalonil, mancozeb).

dimethomorph (Forum): 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 40. Apply only in combination with a labeled rate of another non-group 40 fungicide. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Forum before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.

famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Tank mix with an appropriate contact fungicide with a different mode of action.

fenamidone (Reason 500 SC): 5.5 fl oz/A; PHI 14d, REI 12h, Group 11. Do not rotate with other Group 11 fungicides.

fluazinam (Omega 500F): 12.0 to 24.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d and 30d (see label), REI 12h, Group 29. See label for restrictions. 

fluopicolide (Presidio): 3.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 43. A tank mix with another labeled fungicide with a different mode of action (FRAC #) must be used for resistance management.

fosetyl- Al (Aliette WDG): 2.0 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 12d, REI 24h, Group P7. Do not tank mix with copper products or apply in a spray solution with a pH less than 6.0.

mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.6 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03.

mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01.

mancozeb plus zoxamide (Gavel 75DF): 1.5 to 2.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & 22. Apply preventively to control downy mildew. Do not tank mix with other fungicides if the target pest is only downy mildew.

oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Ultra): 5.5 to 8.0 fl.oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 49 & 40. Begin foliar application prior to disease development. Use higher rate when disease is present.

phosphorous acid  (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/20.0 gal (foliar); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P7. Do not apply to plants that are heat or moisture stressed. Do not apply directly to copper treated plants within 20-day interval to avoid plant injury. See label for other application methods and additional restrictions.

propamocarb HCl (Previcur Flex): 1.2 pt/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 28. Alternate with a contact fungicide (copper, chlorothalonil, sulfur).

Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia^OG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P5. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific application methods and restrictions 

zoxamide + chlorothalonil (Zing!): 30.0 to 36.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 22 & M05.

Phytophthora Blight and Fruit Rot

Phytophthora capsici cannot be managed by fungicide applications alone; successful disease control is achieved only by a season-long effort to manage water and other cultural practices. The single most effective way to control this disease is to prevent its movement into clean fields by equipment, humans, or infested water. Plant susceptible crops (tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, and all cucurbit species; lima beans have also been reported as susceptible) in fields that have no history of this disease and are well-drained. Plant non-vining crops on raised beds, avoid planting in low areas where water puddles, and improve drainage by sub-soiling after heavy rain events. Promptly disk under small areas where the disease appears along with a border of healthy appearing plants. Avoid working in wet fields and compacting the soil.

ametoctradin plus dimethomorph (Zampro): 14.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Groups 45 & 40.

cyazofamid (Ranman 400 SC): 2.75 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 21. Addition of a surfactant improves effectiveness when disease pressure is severe. Alternate sprays of Ranman with a fungicide with a different mode of action. Observe a 30-day plant back interval for crops not on label.

dimethomorph (Forum): 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 40. Apply only in combination with a labeled rate of another non-group 40 fungicide. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Forum before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.

famoxadone plus cymoxanil (Tanos): 8.0 to 10.0 oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27. Suppression ONLY.  Foliar or fruit phase ONLY. Tank mix with an appropriate contact fungicide. Do not alternate with other Group 11 fungicides.

fluazinam (Omega 500F): 12.0 to 24.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d & 30d (see label), REI 12h, Group 29. See label for restrictions. 

fluopicolide (Presidio): 3.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A; PHI 2d, REI 12h, Group 43. A tank mix with another labeled fungicide with a different mode of action is required.

fosetyl Al (Aliette WDG): 2.0 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 12d, REI 24h, Group P7. Do not tank mix with copper compounds. Mixing Aliette with surfactants or foliar fertilizers is not recommended. Use the high rate when Phytophthora blight is active.

oxathiapiprolin (Orondis Ultra): 5.5 to 8.0 fl.oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Groups 49 & 40. Begin foliar application prior to disease development.

phosphorous acid (Fosphite): 1.0 to 3.0 qt/20.0 gal (foliar); PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P7. Do not apply to plants that are heat or moisture stressed. Do not apply directly to copper treated plants within 20-day interval to avoid plant injury. See label for other application methods and additional restrictions. 

Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia^OG): 1.0 to 4.0 qt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P5. Apply to ensure thorough coverage. See label for specific application methods and restrictions.

Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera xanthii)

Fungicides should be applied at the first sign of disease (or earlier with some products). Begin scouting for powdery mildew at fruit initiation. On cucurbits, powdery mildew fungi attack both the top and bottom of the leaf, and this makes the disease more difficult to control with non-systemic fungicides. However, powdery mildew fungi tend to become resistant to systemic fungicides such as Topsin-M (Group 1); Cabrio, Flint Extra, Quadris and Sovran (Group 11). Resistance to Group1 and Group 11 fungicides have resulted in the removal of these classes of fungicides from recommendations, with the exception of Pristine which is a combination product. Resistance to the DMI fungicides (Rally, Procure) is also widespread; use Rally or Procure at the high labeled rate only. The most effective contact fungicides are sulfur, mineral oil, and chlorothalonil. Begin applying fungicides when powdery mildew is at a low level (threshold is 1 of 50 old leaves with symptoms on either leaf surface) or on a preventative schedule for fields not scouted; do not begin using mobile fungicides when disease is widespread. A seven-day interval is recommended.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.25 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4 h, Group BM02. Disease suppression only. For improved control; mix or rotate with a chemical fungicide.

boscalid (Endura): 6.5 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 7. Suppression only.

botanical extract (Ecoswing^OG): 1.5 to 5.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM01. 

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 2.0 to 3.0 pt/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05. Use caution when applying to watermelon. See label for restrictions.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01. Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5 or tank mix with Aliette.

cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch 6.25 WG): 11.0 to 14.0 oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12.

cyflufenamid (Torino): 3.4 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group U6. 

difenoconazole plus cyprodinil (Inspire Super): 16.0 to 20.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 3 & 9.

fluopyram plus tebuconazole (Luna Experience): 6.0 to 17.0 fl oz/A; PHI 7d, REI 12h, Groups 7 & 3. Watermelon only.

flutriafol (Rhyme 2.08 SC): 5.0 to 7.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3.

mineral oil (JMS Stylet-oil^OG): 3.0 to 6.0 qt/100.0 gal; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group NC.

metrafenone (Vivando): 10.3 to 15.4 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 50.

potasium dihydrogen phosphate (Nutrol): 10.0 to 20.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group P7.

myclobutanil (Rally): 2.5 to 5.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group 3.

penthiopyrad (Fontelis): 12.0 to 16.0 fl oz/A; PHI 1d, REI 12h, Group 7.

polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.

potassium bicarbonate (Kaligreen^OG): 2.5 to 5.0 lb/A; PHI 1d, REI 4h, Group NC. Not labeled for muskmelon. See label. 

quinoxyfen (Quintec): 4.0 to 6.0 fl oz/A; PHI 3d, REI 12h, Group 13. Melon only. Alternate with other effective fungicides at their recommended rates and spray intervals.

sulfur (Microthiol Disperss^OG): 5.0 to 10.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 24h, Group M02. Sulfur can injure plants, especially when temperatures reach 90° F. Do not apply to sulfur sensitive varieties.

triflumizole (Procure 480SC): 4.0 to 8.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group 3. Alternate with a protectant fungicide (copper, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, sulfur).

triflumizole (Trionic 4 SC): 2.0 to 4.0 fl oz/100 gal.; PHI 1d, REI 12, Group 3. Apply only as foliar spray. See label for surfactant recommendation. Labeled for greenhouse use.

Scab (Cladosporium cucumerinum)

Scab is a significant problem for summer and winter squash, pumpkin, melon, and watermelon. Resistant cultivars of cucumber are widely available. The pathogen survives in the soil on infected crop debris, may be seedborne, and is capable of saprophytic growth.  Rotate with non-cucurbit crops for 2 to 3 years. Select sites with well-drained soil and good air movement for rapid drying of foliage and fruit.  Avoid overhead irrigation and dense plant canopies.  Fungicide sprays may not be effective during extended cool, wet weather due to the short disease cycle of this pathogen.

acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard 50 WG): 0.5 to 2.0 oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 12 h, Group P1. For surpression only. 

chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 12h, Group M05. Use caution when applying to watermelon. See label for restrictions.

mancozeb (Dithane F45): 1.6 to 2.4 qt/A; PHI 5d, REI 24h, Group M03.

mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01. 

polyoxin D (OSO 5%SC): 6.5 to 13.0 fl oz/A; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group 19.

Seed Decay

Buy treated seed. Do not use treated seed for food, feed or oil purposes.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (DoubleNickel^OG): 0.01 to 0.4  fl oz/100,000 seeds; PHI 0d, REI 4h, Group BM02. 

fludioxonil (Maxim 4 FS): 0.08 to 0.16 fl oz/100 lb seed; REI 12h, Group 12. For protection against seed and soil-borne fungi.

mefenoxam (Apron XL SC): 0.085 to 0.64 fl oz/lb seed; REI 48h, Group 4. For Pythium damping-off protection.

thiram (Thiram SC): 4.5 fl oz/100 lb seed; REI 12h, Group M03.

Angular Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans)

Avoid working in the fields when the foliage is wet. Plow crop residue under promptly after harvest to aid decomposition. Rotate out of cucurbits for 2 years. Plant resistant varieties when possible. Use pathogen-free seed or hot-water treat the seed to kill the bacterium in the seed. Sprays may not be effective if applied too late or if environmental conditions are conducive to spread of the disease.

copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000): 0.5 to 1.25 lb/A; PHI 0d, REI 48h, Group M01.  Do not apply in a spray solution having a pH less than 6.5. or tank mix with Aliette.

mancozeb plus copper hydroxide (ManKocide): 2.0 to 3.0 lb/A; PHI 5d, REI 48h, Groups M03 & M01.  

Bacterial Wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila)

Bacterial wilt is transmitted by cucumber beetles. Cucumber and muskmelon are highly susceptible to wilt; watermelon is not. Seedlings at the cotyledon and 1- to 3-leaf stage are more susceptible to infection with bacterial wilt than older plants. Thus, it is especially important to keep beetle numbers low before the 5-leaf stage. Cucumber beetles must be controlled by appropriate insecticide programs. Please refer to the information on cucumber beetle for managment recommendations. Use crop rotation to reduce beetle numbers. Because this bacterium is transmitted systemically by cucumber beetles, copper sprays are of no value. Rogue infected plants. Resistant cultivars of cucumber are being developed. No resistance has been identified in melon.

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)

Many different strains of this virus occur and the host range includes plants in more than 31 different families. Many weed species also serve as hosts and the virus is seedborne in chickweed. The virus is spread by more than 40 species of aphids and 2 beetles. Seed transmission is possible but unlikely in commercial cucumber seed. The abundance of other host plants, their proximity to crops, and the presence of vectors govern the incidence and severity of disease. The use of resistant varieties is the most effective means of control. Reduce weeds, especially chickweed, pokeweed and milkweed, as much as practical. Practice rotation and plant away from previously contaminated fields. Insecticides are not effective.

Watermelon Mosaic Virus (WMV) and Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV-W)