Harvested vegetables are living things that carry on the process of respiration and other biological and chemical processes. How produce is handled after harvest will directly affect quality characteristics such as appearance, flavor, texture, and nutritional value. Attention to postharvest quality can increase repeat sales and support higher prices.
Control of postharvest quality essentially comes down to limiting respiration rate (lowering temperature), controlling water loss (maintaining proper relative humidity), minimizing physical damage to the product (harvesting and handling with care), and avoiding contamination (handling, washing, and storing appropriately).
Limiting Respiration
Respiration is a temperature-dependent, biochemical process that converts carbon in plant tissue (mainly sugars) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) while producing some heat. Rates of respiration vary by the crop (see Gross 2016, p. 7 and pp. 68-75 in References at the end of this section), and should be taken into account when sizing cooling equipment. Fortunately, we can significantly reduce respiration, and therefore maintain high product quality, by reducing product temperature (precooling) and keeping it low (holding or storage cooling). This concept is known as establishing the “cold chain”; a chain of reduced temperature that connects the field to the consumer ensuring the highest quality produce possible by minimizing respiration.
From the moment of harvest, product quality will deteriorate. Intentional precooling of produce directly after harvest helps quickly reduce the rate of respiration and initiates the cold chain. Examples of precooling include scheduling harvest activities at cooler times of day, shading harvested product in the field prior to transport, forced air cooling through the packed product with refrigeration, hydrocooling with cool water, and vacuum cooling via evaporation. Once cooled to storage temperature, reliable, refrigerated storage is necessary to maintain high quality.
It is important to note that not all crops can be cooled to the same temperature without resulting in cold or freeze injury and some crops are sensitive to the method of cooling. Crops have different susceptibility to chilling or freeze injury depending on their physiology. Good guidance is available (see Gross 2016, p. 62-67) and is summarized in Table 17 of this guide. Common precooling methods are also noted in Table 16. Additionally, a computer-based crop storage planner is available for determining appropriate grouping of your crops and estimating overall respiration load (see Callahan 2016). Chilling injury is also an important consideration when considering particularly sensitive fall harvested crops and the possibility of lower nighttime temperatures, e.g. winter squash. Notes on chilling injury guidance for these crops are provided in the appropriate crop chapter and in the references described above.
Avoiding Ethylene Damage
Ethylene is responsible for fruit ripening and stimulates the breakdown of cell walls, converting starch into sugar, and can change the color, flavor, and texture of fruit. Produce in storage will naturally release ethylene. Some crops are more sensitive to damage from ethylene and, left unmanaged, certain crops will wilt early, produce off flavor, and lose nutritional value. Minimizing ethylene in storage may be necessary for more ethylene-sensitive crops, especially when storing different crops in the same cooler for extended periods. Ventilation can reduce the ethylene levels in storage. Commercial products such as potassium permanganate pellets can also be used to absorb ethylene.
Controlling Water Loss
The control of water loss requires careful attention to relative humidity (RH) of the air surrounding stored product in addition to temperature. RH is a measure of the amount of water vapor in air compared to the maximum amount that can be saturated in that air at a given temperature. Most, but not all, crops are ideally stored at higher RH (90-100%) to prevent water evaporation into the air leading to water loss. The loss of water reduces the weight of the crop and also can lead to lower quality and poor appearance.
Some crops, such as onions, garlic, and winter squash, are purposefully “cured” or dried in order to dry outer skin and cure harvest wounds to allow long-term storage. Because this results in a paper-like layer, these crops are generally stored at lower RH to prevent development of postharvest disease. Other than these examples, most crops are best stored at 90-100% RH with specific guidance provide in Table 16, in the crop storage planner noted above, and in the literature (see Gross 2016).
Minimizing Physical Damage
Generally speaking, produce crops live a very gentle life until harvested. Starting with harvest, produce is moved and handled for the first time and, typically, many times after. With each movement there is a risk of physical damage. Even if the damage is not obvious, it can result in bruising or other damage that becomes evident later and can lead to postharvest diseases, which are encouraged by damaged cell tissue. Even during harvest, crops can suffer “harvester blight”. For the majority of crops, gentle handling, crates with smooth and clean surfaces, and conveyance with elastic and soft belts and rollers should be used.
Avoiding Contamination
Sorting and culling are also important practices at this stage. As the saying goes, “one bad apple can spoil the bunch”. Sorting allows for different sizes and grades of product to be stored and sold separately and culling can separate damaged or lower quality product from the main lot for sale, rescue donation, or compost depending on the defect. The removal of obviously damaged product from the lot helps minimize cross-contamination with postharvest pathogens to a larger portion of the population.
Produce can be rinsed to remove soil and debris, and often a sanitizer is added to the rinse water to prevent cross-contamination with plant and human pathogens from one item of produce to another in the same batch (see the following references: LaBorde, Samuels and Stivers 2016, Bihn et al. 2014).
Once packed and ready for storage or transport, care should be taken to avoid contamination of product with other contaminants such as foreign matter and unintentional water such as condensate from refrigeration systems.
References
- Gross, Kenneth C., Chien Yi Wang, and Mikal Saltveit, eds. 2016. The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. Agriculture Handbook 66, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC. Available at https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/oc/np/CommercialStorage/CommercialStorage.pdf. Confirmed May 2, 2024.
- Callahan, Christopher W. 2016. Crop Storage Planning Tool. UVM Extension. Available online. http://blog.uvm.edu/cwcallah/2016/01/21/new-crop-storage-planning-tool/. Confirmed May 2, 2024.
- Bihn, E., Schermann, M. A., Wszelaki, A. L., Wall, G. L., and Amundson, S. K. 2014. On-Farm Decision Tree Project: Postharvest Water. National Good Agricultural Practices Program. Available online. https://gaps.cornell.edu/educational-materials/decision-trees/postharvest-water. Confirmed May 2, 2024.
- LaBorde, L., Samuels, R. and Stivers, L. 2016. Video Series: Using Sanitizers in Washwater. Available online. https://extension.psu.edu/using-sanitizers-in-wash-water. Confirmed May 2, 2024.
Table 17: Handling Produce for Higher Quality and Longer Market Life
CROP | RECOMMENDED COOLING METHODS1 | IMPORTANT HANDLING FACTORS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FORCED AIR OR ROOM COOLIN | Hydro-Cooling | PACKAGE ICE OR LIQUID ICING | VACUUM COOLING | TRANSIT ICING2 | RECOMMENDED TRANSIT & STORAGE TEMP.3 (°F) | RECOMMENDED TRANSIT & STORAGE RELATIVE HUMIDITY, % | EXPECTED MARKETABLE LIFE UNDER BEST CONDITIONS | SENSITIVITY TO CHILLING INJURY4 | |
Asparagus | + | + | N | 36 | 95-100 | 2-3 weeks | L | ||
Basil | + | N | 46-50 | 90-95 | 4-7 days | H | |||
Beans, lima | + | + | N | 37-41 | 95 | 5-7 days | M | ||
snap | + | + | N | 40-45 | 95 | 7-10 days | M | ||
Beets, bunched | + | R | 32 | 98-100 | 1-2 weeks | I | |||
Broccoli | + | E | 32 | 90-100 | 1-2 weeks | I | |||
Brussels sprouts | + | + | + | + | R | 32 | 90-100 | 3-5 weeks | I |
Cabbage | + | N | 32 | 90-95 | 3-6 weeks | I | |||
Cabbage, Chinese | + | + | + | R | 32 | 90-95 | 2-3 months | I | |
Carrots, topped | + | + | N | 32 | 98-100 | 6-8 months | L | ||
Carrots, bunched | + | + | E | 32 | 98-100 | 10-14 days | I | ||
Cauliflower | + | + | + | R | 32 | 95-98 | 3-4 weeks | I | |
Celery | + | R | 32 | 98-100 | 2-3 weeks | I | |||
Collards & kale | + | + | R | 32 | 98-100 | 2-3 weeks | I | ||
Cucumbers | + | + | N | 50 | 90-95 | 1-2 weeks | H | ||
Eggplant | + | N | 50 | 90-95 | 1 week | H | |||
Endive & escarole | + | R | 32 | 95-100 | 2-3 weeks | I | |||
Garlic | + | N | 32 | 65-70 | 6-7 months | L | |||
Ginger | + | N | 35 | 65 | 6 months | H | |||
Kohlrabi | + | + | + | R | 32 | 98-100 | 2-4 weeks | I | |
Horseradish | + | N | 30-32 | 98-100 | 1 year | I | |||
Leeks | + | + | + | R | 32 | 98-100 | 3 months | I | |
Lettuce, crisphead | + | N | 32-36 | 98-100 | 2-3 weeks | I | |||
leaf & bibb | + | + | R | 32-36 | 95 | 1 week | I | ||
romaine | + | R | 32-36 | 95 | 1-2 weeks | I | |||
Muskmelon, 3/4 slip | + | + | R | 36-40 | 85-90 | 1-2 weeks | M | ||
full slip | + | + | R | 32-36 | 85-90 | 4-7 days | M | ||
Okra | + | N | 45-50 | 95 | 1 week | VH | |||
Onion, dry | N | 32 | 65-70 | 1-8 months | I | ||||
green | + | + | N | 32 | 90-95 | 7-10 days | I | ||
Parsley | + | + | E | 32 | 95 | 1-2 months | I | ||
Parsnips | + | N | 32 | 98-100 | 4-6 months | I | |||
Peas | + | + | E | 32 | 90-95 | 1-2 weeks | I | ||
Peppers | + | + | N | 45-50 | 90-95 | 2-3 weeks | M | ||
Potatoes, early | + | N | 50-59 | 90-95 | 10-14 days | L | |||
late | + | N | 54 | 95-98 | 5-10 months | L | |||
Pumpkins | N | 54-59 | 50-70 | 2-3 months | H | ||||
Radicchio | + | + | R | 32-34 | 95-100 | 3-4 weeks | L | ||
Radishes, bunched | + | + | E | 32 | 95-100 | 1-2 weeks | L | ||
Rhubarb | + | + | R | 32 | 95 | 3-4 weeks | I | ||
Rutabagas | + | N | 32 | 98-100 | 4-6 months | I | |||
Spinach | + | + | + | E | 32 | 95-100 | 10-14 days | I | |
Squash, summer | + | + | N | 45-50 | 90-95 | 4-7 days | H | ||
winter | + | N | 55-60 | 50-75 | 2-3 months | M | |||
Strawberries | + | N | 32 | 95 | 1 week | I | |||
Sweet potatoes | + | N | 55-60 | 85-95 | 4-10 months | VH | |||
Sweet corn | + | + | + | E | 32 | 90-95 | 5-7 days | L | |
Tomatoes, green | + | N | 55-70 | 85-90 | 1-3 weeks | H | |||
pink | + | N | 50-60 | 85-90 | 5-10 days | M | |||
ripe | + | N | 40-45 | 85-90 | 4-7 days | M | |||
Turnips | + | N | 32 | 95 | 4-5 weeks | I | |||
Turnip/mustard tops | + | + | + | E | 32 | 90-95 | 1-2 weeks | I | |
Watermelons | + | N | 45-50 | 85-90 | 3-4 weeks | M | |||
1 Cooling Method: + = cooling method is suitable for the crop. 2 Transit Icing: The importance of transit icing depends on time in transit, transit conditions, and outside temperature. N = not recommended, R = recommended, and E = essential. 3 Accurate temperature control is essential; do not allow temp to fall below 32°F 4 Sensitivity to Chilling Injury: I = insensitive, L = low sensitivity, M = medium sensitivity, H = high sensitivity, and VH = very high sensitivity. |