Plant diseases can result from a combination of many factors. Under certain conditions, viruses, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, heat, cold, chemicals and air pollution can all cause plant disease. By creating conditions that promote plant vigor, losses due to disease can be minimized.
Ideally, seed should be custom treated by request. If this is not possible, seed can be hot-water treated at home. Some lots of seed can be vulnerable to heat treatment. Always treat a small amount of seed (50-100) of each lot before treating the remainder of the lot. After the test treatment, air dry completely and then moisten for a germination test. Include untreated seed of the same lot for comparison. Treated seed should be used in the current season. Small seeded crops such as brassicas, carrot, pepper, etc. are the most appropriate for hot water treatment. Each seed type has a corresponding temperature and length of time for treatment. Full instructions for treating seed on your own may be found here: https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/hot-water-seed-treatment [1]. Always check with the seed source to make sure it has not already been treated.
Effective control of plant disease depends upon the accurate identification of the cause. Accurate and rapid diagnosis of a plant disease by diagnostic labs requires an examination of specimens that are representative of the disease, plus a review of information concerning the growing of the crop. The diagnosis and recommendations reported to the grower are based on this information. Plants in advanced stages of decay or desiccation, or those that arrive with no case history information, cannot be diagnosed properly. Before sending the specimen, contact your regional or state Extension specialist or plant disease clinic. Deliver the specimen by overnight mail. Some states may charge a fee for diagnostic services. Supply as much of the following information as possible:
Many different viruses can infect vegetable crops. Some, like Papaya Ringspot Virus-W, have a narrow host range, while others, like Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, infect a wide variety of vegetable crops as well as ornamentals and weeds. Symptoms of virus infection are most evident on foliage and fruit. However, the symptoms are not always unique to viruses and may closely resemble nutritional disorders, herbicide injury, or insect feeding. A subtle but common symptom of virus infection is an overall stunting and reduction in yield.
Viruses are spread in a variety of ways. Mechanical transmission through handling of plants or use of contaminated tools is an efficient means of spreading Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Potato Virus X. Most viruses, however, are not spread in this manner. Insects such as aphids, thrips, mites, leafhoppers, and beetles provide the most important means for viruses to move from infected to healthy plants. Some viruses, such as Tomato Ringspot Virus and Squash Mosaic Virus, can be transmitted through infected seed. Perennial weeds and ornamental hosts provide an important reservoir for viruses to survive from one season to the next.
Aphids are the most important primary and secondary vectors of virus diseases. Depending on their relationship with the aphid, viruses are classified as either persistent or non-persistent. Intermediate forms also exist. Aphids that acquire persistent viruses do so after a minimum feeding time of 10-60 minutes. Following acquisition, a latency period of at least 12 hours must pass before the aphid can transmit the virus. The aphid remains infective for at least a week, or in some cases, for its entire life. With non-persistent viruses, the aphid can pick up the virus rapidly (within seconds or minutes) while probing the host tissue and can transmit the virus immediately to another plant. However, the ability of the aphid to successfully transmit the virus is quickly lost (within minutes). Insecticides increase the spread of non-persistent viruses by stimulating probing activity of the aphid. Contact insecticides are generally less useful than systemics for controlling insect-vectored viruses.
In general, the spread of viruses is best controlled by cultural practices such as cultivar selection, planting date and location, weed reduction, and roguing of diseased plants. Row covers may prevent aphids from probing and feeding on plants early in the season preventing the spread of viruses. Occasionally, seed or transplants are infected and the problem is not apparent until well into the growing season. There are no chemical control measures for virus diseases other than those directed at the vector or weed hosts. For more specific control measures, refer to the crop.
Fungicides and bactericides are used to prevent, not cure diseases. Applications initiated before disease appears or at the first sign of disease, are the most effective way to use these pesticides. Knowledge of the cause of the disease is required to select the proper material. Your regional and state specialist can assist you in determining the cause (see Disease Diagnosis above). Note that the continuous use of certain bactericides or fungicides can result in pathogens becoming resistant to these chemicals.
For detailed information about fungicides and bactericides, see Table 23 [2], 24 [3], and 25 [4] on pages 79, 80, and 84 respectively.
Pathogens that survive an application of a fungicide are likely to pass the trait that enabled them to survive on to their offspring. A single genetic change in the pathogen can render single-site mode of action (systemic) fungicides ineffective. Repeated applications of the same type of fungicide exert selection pressure on the pathogen population and eventually eliminate almost all the susceptible individuals from a pest population. Resistance can develop in a very short time.
It is necessary to practice resistance management to preserve the useful life of a fungicide. The most effective way to extend the useful life of a product is to use it once and then alternate with a fungicide with a different mode of action. Fungicides are grouped according to chemical class or site of their activity and assigned a group number by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC Group). To select fungicides with different modes of action, see resistance group (FRAC) in [5]Table 25 [6] (page 84) and in the following section Fungicides and Bactericides Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name. Fungicides that are systemic (penetrant) have a single site of action upon the target organisms' physiology and are particularly prone to developing resistance. Use systemic fungicides with a single site of action once per season. Use the most effective chemical against a particular pest first. Do not apply fungicides with a high risk of resistance development (systemic, single mode of action such as Group 11 strobilurins) when disease is severe as this situation results in high selection pressure upon the pathogen.
There are many other techniques that can help delay the onset of resistance. Many resistance management techniques help minimize the use of pesticides so a lower proportion of each pest generation is exposed to the toxin.
NOTE: There is no relationship between insecticide groups, herbicide groups, and fungicide groups. For example, there is no problem using a Group 1 herbicide and a Group 1 insecticide or fungicide.
All pesticides are poisonous. However, some are more toxic than others. The toxicity of the pesticide is usually stated in the precaution on the label. For example, a skull and crossbones figure and the signal word "Danger" are always found on the label of highly toxic (Toxicity Class I) materials. Those of medium toxicity (Toxicity Class II) carry the signal word "Warning." The least toxic materials (Toxicity Class III) have the signal word "Caution." The toxicity of a pesticide is expressed in terms of oral and dermal LD50. LD50 is the dosage of poison that kills 50% of test animals (usually rats or rabbits) with a single application of the pure pesticide for a given weight of the animal (mg/kg of body weight). The lower the LD50 value, the more toxic the material. Oral LD50 is the measure of the toxicity of pure pesticide when administered internally to test animals. Dermal LD50 is the measure of the toxicity of pure pesticide applied to the skin of test animals. Generally, an oral application is more toxic than a dermal one.
| Active Ingredient |
Signal Wordz |
Trade Name |
Resistance Group (FRACy code) |
Dermal LD50 mg/kg | Oral LD50 mg/kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ametoctradin & dimethomorph | C | Zampro | 45 & 40 | >5,000 | >500 <2,000 |
| azoxystrobin |
C |
Quadris, Dynasty | 11 | >2,000 - 4,000 | >2,000 - 5,000 |
|
azoxystrobin & chlorothalonil |
W |
Quadris Opti |
11 & M5 |
>5,000 |
1,750 |
| azoxystrobin & difenoconazole | C | Quadris Top | 11 & 3 | >2,000 | >2,000 |
| azoxystrobin & flutriafol | C | Topguard EQ | 11 & 3 | >5,000 | >5,000 |
| azoxystrobin & mefenoxam | C | Ridomil Gold SL | 11 & 4 | >4,000 | >5,000 |
|
azoxystrobin & propiconazole |
W |
Quilt, Quilt Xcel, Trivapro B |
11 & 3 |
>5,000 |
1,750 / 1030 |
| azoxystrobin & tebuconazole | W | Custodia | 11 & 3 | >2,000 | >300 |
| benzovindiflupyr | D | Trivapro A | 7 | >5,000 | 550 |
| benzovindiflupyr & difenoconazole | W | Aprovia Top | 3 & 7 | >5,000 | 1,750 |
| benzovindiflupyr & azoxystrobin & propiconazole | W | Trivapro | 7 & 11 & 3 | >2,000 | 550 |
|
boscalid |
W |
Endura |
7 |
>2,000 |
>2,000 |
| chlorine |
D |
Agclor 310 | NC | >20,000 | 8,910 |
| chlorothalonil |
C ,W |
Bravo Weather Stik, Bravo Ultrex, Bravo Zn, Echo 720, Echo 90 DF, Equus 720 SST, Initiate 720, Initiate Zn, Orondis Opti B | M5 | >2,000 -10,000 | >3,750 -10,000 |
| chlorothalonil & cymoxanil | C | Ariston | M5 & 27 | >5,050 | >5,000 |
| chlorothalonil & oxathiapiprolin | D | Orondis Opti | M5 & 49 | >2,000 | >5,000 |
| copper hydroxide | C, D | Champ WGOG, Champ Dry Prill, Champ Formula 2 Flowable, KalmorOG, Kocide 2000, Kocide 2000-OOG, Kocide 3000, Kocide 3000-OOG, ChampION++OG, Nu-Cop (50DFOG, 50WPOG, HBOG), Kentan DF | M1 | 1,300->5,000 | 489-1,847 |
| copper hydroxide & copper oxychloride | W | Badge X2 OG | M1 | >2,000 | >300 |
| cuprous oxide | C | Nordox 75 WGOG | M1 | >2,000 | 3,165 |
| copper octanoate | C | Camelot O, Cueva | M1 | >2,000 | >2,000 |
| copper oxychloride and copper hydroxide | C, W | Badge SC, Badge X2 | M1 | >300 | >2,000 |
| copper sulfate (basic copper) | C, W, D | Basic Copper 53OG, Cuprofix Ultra, Cuproxat FLOG, Cuproxat, Phyton 35, MasterCopOG | M1 | >2,000-8000 | 1,000-2,521 |
|
cyazofamid |
C |
Ranman, Ranman 400 SC |
21 |
>2,000 |
>5,000 |
| cyflufenamid | C | Torino | U6 | >2,000 | <,2,000 |
| cymoxanil |
W |
Curzate 60 DF | 27 | >2,000 | >433 |
|
cyprodinil & fludioxonil |
C |
Switch 62.5 |
9 & 12 |
>2,000 |
>5,000 |
|
difenoconazole & cyprodinil |
C |
Inspire Super |
3 & 9 |
>5,000 |
5,000 |
| dimethomorph |
C |
Forum | 15 | >2,000 | >5,000 |
|
famoxadone & cymoxanil |
C |
Tanos |
11 & 27 |
>2,000 |
>5,000 |
|
fenamidone |
C |
Reason 500 SC |
11 |
>5,000 |
>5,000 |
|
fenhexamid |
C |
Decree 50 WDG |
17 |
>2,000 |
>2,000 |
|
fluazinam |
W |
Omega 500F, Omega TopMP |
29 |
>2,000 |
>5,000 |
| fludioxonil |
C |
Maxim4FS, Maxim PSP, Cannonball WG, Emblem | 12 | >2,020 | 1,971 |
| fludioxonil & mancozeb | C | Maxim MZ | 12 & M3 | >5,000 | >5,000 |
|
fluopicolide |
C |
Presidio |
43 |
>4,000 |
>2,000 |
| fluopyram | C | Velum Prime | 7 | >2,000 | >2,000 |
| fluopyram & pyrimethanil | C | Luna Tranquility | 7 & 9 | >2,000 | >2,000 |
| fluopyram & tebuconazole | C | Luna Experience | 7 & 3 | >2,000 | >2,000 |
| fluopyram & trifloxystrobin | C | Luna Sensation | 7 & 11 | >2,000 | >2,000 |
| flutolanil | C | Moncut 70 DF | 7 | >5,000 | >5,000 |
| flutolanil & mancozeb | C | Moncoat MZ | 7 & M3 | >5,000 | >5,000 |
| flutriafol | C | Topguard Fungicide, Rhyme | 3 | >2,000->5,000 | >2,000 |
| fluxapyroxad & pyraclostrobin | C | Priaxor, Merivon | 7 & 11 | >5,000 | >300-<2,000 |
| fosetyl aluminum |
C |
Aliette WDG | 33 | 2,000 | >5,050 |
| hydrogen peroxide & peroxyacetic acid | D | Oxidate 2.0OG, ZeroTol 2.0OG | NC | 1,040 | 3,622 |
| iprodione |
C |
Iprodione 4L AG, Rovral 4F, Nevado 4F | 2 | 1,170 - 2,000 | 2,000 - 2,860 |
| mancozeb |
C |
Penncozeb (75DF, 80WP), Manzate (Max, Pro-Stick), Dithane (M-45, F-45 Rainshield), Potato Seed Treater (6%, PS), Roper (DF, DF Rainshield) | M3 | >2,000 | >5,000 |
|
mancozeb & copper |
D |
ManKocide |
M3 & M1 |
>5,000 |
2,535 |
|
mandipropamid |
C |
Revus, Micora, Orondis Ultra B |
40 |
>5,000 |
>5,000 |
|
mandipropamid & difenoconazole |
C |
Revus Top |
3 & 40 |
>5,000 |
2,958 |
| mefenoxam | C | Ridomil Gold (GR, SL), Apron XL, Ultra Flourish | 4 | 2,020 | 1,172 |
| mefenoxam & chlorothalonil |
W |
Ridomil Gold Bravo SC | 4 & M5 | >2,020 | 1,172 |
| mefenoxam & copper |
D |
Ridomil Gold Copper | 4 & M1 | 2,020 | 560 |
| mefenoxam & mancozeb |
C |
Ridomil Gold MZ WG | 4 & M3 | >2,000 | >5,000 |
| metconazole | C | Quash | 3 | >5,000 | 1,750 |
| metrafenone | C | Vivando | U8 | >5,000 | >5,000 |
| metiram | C | Polyram 80 DF | M3 | >2,000 | >5,000 |
| myclobutanil |
W |
Rally | 3 | >5,000 | 1,870 |
| oxathiapiprolin | C | Orondis (Ultra A, Gold 200, Opti A) | 49 | >5,000 | >5,000 |
| oxathiapiprolin & mandipropamid | C | Orondis Ultra | 49 & 40 | >5,000 | >5,000 |
| PCNB | C | Blocker (4F, 10G), Terraclor 400 | 14 | >2,020 | >5,050 |
| penthiopyrad | C | Fontelis | 7 | >5,000 | >5,000 |
| phosphorus acid (salts of) |
C |
Agri-Fos, Alude, Fosphite, KPhite, Phostrol, ProPhyt, Rampart, Reveille | 33 | >2,000 | >5,000 |
| polyoxin D | C | Oso 5% SC, Ph-D, Affirm WDG | 19 | >2,000 | 4,916 |
| potassium bicarbonate | C | KaligreenOG, MilStopOG | NC | >5,000 | 2,700 |
| potasium dihydrogen phosphate | C | Nutrol | NC | ||
| propamocarb |
C |
Previcur Flex | 28 | >3,920 | 2,000-8,550 |
| propiconazole |
W |
Tilt, PropiMax EC, Bumper (41.8EC & ES) | 3 | >5,000 | 1,310 |
|
propiconazole & trifloxystrobin |
W |
Stratego |
3 & 11 |
>5,050 |
4,757 |
| prothioconazole | C | Proline 480SC | 3 | >5,000 | >2,000-<5,000 |
| prothioconazole & trifloxystrobin | W | Stratego YLD | 3 & 11 | >5,000 | >5,000 |
|
pyraclostrobin |
C, W |
Headline, Headline SC, Cabrio EG |
11 |
200 - >2,000 |
2,000 - 4,000 |
|
pyraclostrobin & boscalid |
C |
Pristine, Pageant Intrinsic |
11 & 7 |
>2,000 |
1,490 |
|
pyraclostrobin & metconazole |
W |
Headline AMP |
11 & 3 |
>5,000 |
500 |
|
pyraclostrobin & metiram |
C |
Cabrio Plus |
11 & M3 |
>2,000 |
> 500-<2,000 |
|
pyrimethanil |
C |
Scala SC |
9 |
>5,000 |
4,505 |
|
quinoxyfen |
C |
Quintec |
13 |
>2,000 |
>2,000 |
| streptomycin |
C |
Agri-Mycin 17 | 25 | >2,000 | >5,000 |
|
sulfur |
C |
Microthiol DisperssOG, Kumulus DFOG, Micro SulfOG, Sulfur 6L, Microfine Sulfur |
M2 |
>2,000 |
>2,000 |
| tebuconazole | C | Orius 3.6F | 3 | >2,000 | >2,000 |
| tetraconazole | C | Mettle 125 ME | 3 | >2,000 | >4,090 |
|
thiabendazole |
C |
Mertect 340-F |
1 |
>5,050 |
>5,000 |
| thiophanate-methyl |
C |
Topsin M WSB, Topsin 4.5 FL, Nufarm T-Methyl (70WSB, 4.5F), Incognito (4.5 F, 85 WDG) | 1 | >2,000 | >5,000 |
| triphenyltin hydroxide | D | Super Tin (80 WP, 4L) | 30 | 500 | 160 |
| trifloxystrobin |
C |
Flint Extra, Gem 500 SC | 11 | >2,000 | >5,050 |
|
triflumizole |
C |
Procure 480 SC, Trionic 4SC |
3 |
>5,000 |
>1,400 |
|
thiram |
C |
42-S Thiram |
M3 |
>4,400 |
2,950 |
| zoxamide & chlorothalonil | C | Zing! | 22 & M5 | >5,000 | 1,750-5,000 |
| zoxamide & mancozeb |
C |
Gavel 75 DF | 22 & M3 | >5,000 | >5,000 |
z Signal Word C = Caution; W = Warning: D = Danger
y FRAC = Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
The symbol OG indicates a product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. See Organic Certification section for more details. Note that for a given active ingredient, some products may be OMRI listed while others are not.
The symbol OG indicates a pesticide that has been listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as approved for use in organic production. REI = Re-Entry Interval expressing hours (h). At the time of writing, all products listed were registered in at least one
New England state. Check registration status in your state before using
any product.
3336 F (thiophanate-methyl): A systemic fungicide with broad spectrum control. Also labeled for greenhouse transplants. REI 12h, Group 1
42-S Thiram (thiram): A seed treatment with a wide host range. REI 24h, Group M3
Actigard 50 WG (acibenzolar-S-methyl): Plant defense activator used for bacterial diseases and Downy Mildews. REI 12h, Group 21
Actino-IronOG(Streptomyces lydicus WYEC): Biological soil and seed treatment for Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, and Phytophthora with added iron. REI 4h, Group NC
Actinovate AG (Streptomyces lydicus): Biological for greenhouse use only in vegetable crops. REI 1h, Group NC
Agclor 310 (sodium hypochlorite): A commercial bleach solution registered for use to control postharvest rots of vegetables. Group NC
Affirm WDG (polyoxin-D): Broad-spectrum fungicide for foliar and soilborne diseases. May be used in greenhouse. REI 4h, Group 19
Agri-Fos (phosphorus acid): A fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildew. REI 4h, Group 33
Agri-mycin 17 (streptomycin sulfate): A bactericide. REI 12h, Group 25
Aliette WDG (fosetyl Al): A fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildew. REI 12h, Group 33
Alude (phosphorous acid): A fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildews labeled for greenhouse transplant production. REI 4h, Group 33
Apron XL (mefenoxam): A seed treatment against Pythium and Phytophthora seed rot and damping-off and systemic downy mildews of certain crops. REI 48h, Group 4
Aprovia Top (benzovindiflupyr + difenoconazole): For many diseases of cucurbits, legumes, peppers, tomatoes, sweet potato. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7
Ariston (chlorothalonil + cymoxanil): Labeled for several diseases on several crops. REI 12h (see label), Groups M5 & 27
BadgeX2OG SC (copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide): A bactericide and fungicide. REI 24h, Group M1
Basic Copper 53OG (basic copper sulfate): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 48h, Group M1
Bio-Save 10 LPOG (Pseudomonas syringae ESC-10): Post harvest decay of potato. Group NC
Bio-TamOG (Trichoderma aperellum, T. gamsii): Biological soil treatment for most crops. REI 4h Group BM02
Blocker 4F (PCNB): Soil-borne diseases of brassicas, beans and peas, garlic, tomatoes, and pepper. REI 12h, Group 14
BotryStopOG (Ulocladium oudemansii U3 Strain): A biological control for Botrytis and Sclerotinia diseases. REI 4h, Group NC
Bumper (propiconazole): Diseases of corn, celery, carrot, chard and bulb crops. REI 12h, Group 3
Bravo (Weather Stik, Ultrex, ZN) (chlorothalonil): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group M5
Cabrio EG (pyraclostrobin): A broad spectrum fungicide for bulb, cucurbit, fruiting, and root vegetables. REI 12h, Group 11
Cabrio Plus (pyraclostrobin + metiram): For management of certin diseases of potato. REI 24h, Groups 11 & M3
Camelot OOG (copper soap): Copper product labeled for greenhouse use on vegetable transplants. REI 4h, Group M1
Cannonball WG (fludioxonil): For management of Sclerotinia, Botrytis and other pathogens on onions and beans. REI 12h, Group 12
Catamaran (potassium phosphite + chlorothalonil): Broad spectrum fungicide and plant activator. REI 12h, Groups 33 & M5
CeaseOG (Bacillus subtilis QST 713): Biological protectant fungicide. REI 4h, Group 44
Champ WGOG (copper hydroxide): Copper fungicide. REI 48h, Group M1
Champ Dry Prill (copper hydroxide): Copper fungicide. REI 24/48h, Group M1
Champ Formula 2 Flowable (copper hydroxide): Copper fungicide. REI 48h, Group M1
ChampION++ (copper hydroxide): Copper fungicide. REI 48h, Group M1
CompanionOG (Liquid, WP) (Bacillus subtilis strain GB03): Biological fungicide. REI 4h, Group 44
Contans WG OG (Coniothyrium minitans): For Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotinia minor diseases. (Bayer fomula not labeled for tomato). Group NC
Cuprofix Ultra 40 Disperss (basic copper sulfate): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 48h, Group M1
Cuproxat, Cuproxat FLOG (basic copper sulfate): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 48h, Group M1
Curzate 60 DF (cymoxanil): For late blight of potato and tomato and downy mildew of cucurbits and lettuce. REI 12h, Group 27
Custodia (azoxystrobin + tebuconazole): A broad spectrum fungicide labeled for foliar diseases of corn. REI 12h (for corn), Groups 3 & 11
DiTera DFOG (Myrothecium verrucaria Strain AARC-0255): For managment of plant parasitic nematodes. REI 4h, Group NC
Dithane (M-45, F-45 Rainshield) (mancozeb): A broad spectrum, protectant fungicide. REI 24h, Group M3
Decree 80 WDG (fenhexamid): Botrytis control in greenhouse transplants. REI 12h, Group 17
Double NickelOG 55 and LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens): Microbial fungicide. REI 4h, Group 44
Dynasty (azoxystrobin): A broad spectrum seed treatment fungicide for diseases of seed-borne diseases. REI 4h, Group 11
Echo (90DF, 720) (chlorothalonil): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group M5
EcoSwingOG (extract of Swinglea glutinosa): Preventive biological fungicide for Alternaria leaf spot, Botrytis, and powdery mildew on many crops. Also labeled for greenhouse use. Activates ISR (induced systemic resistance). REI 12h, Group NC
Emblem (fludioxonil): For greenhouse use only on plants and transplants of listed crops. REI 12h, Group 12
Endura (boscalid): A protectant fungicide for legumes, brassicas, bulb vegetables, fruiting vegetables, lettuce, and root and tuber vegetables. REI 12h, Group 7
Equus 720 SST (chlorothalonil): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group M5
Flint (trifloxystrobin): A strobilurin fungicide with broad-spectrum activity. REI 12h, Group 11
Fontelis (penthiopyrad): A fungicide with broad host clearance for leaf spots, blights, anthracnose, and Sclerotinia diseases. REI 12h, Group 7
Forum (dimethomorph): A fungicide for use against Phytophthora and downy mildew of bulb, cucurbit and fruiting vegetables, lettuce, potatoes, and tomatoes. REI 12h, Group 40
Fosphite (phosphorus acid): A phosphorous acid fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildew. REI 4h, Group 33
Gavel (75 DS, DF) (zoxamide + mancozeb): A broad-spectrum protectant fungicide for disease control in potatoes, cucurbits, and tomatoes. REI 48h, Groups 22 & M5
GEM 500 SC (trifloxystrobin): Broad spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group 11
Headline, Headline SC (pyraclostrobin): A broad spectrum strobilurin fungicide for use in legumes, corn, tuberous, and corm vegetables. REI 12h, Group 11
Headline AMP (pyraclostrobin + metconazole): For diseases of corn. REI 48h, Groups 11 & 3
Heritage (azoxystrobin): Preventative and curative broad-spectrum fungicide. See supplemental label for use on vegetable transplants grown in the greenhouse. REI 4h, Group 11
Incognito (4.5 F, 85 WDG) (thiophanate-methyl): A systemic fungicide with broad spectrum control. REI (Varies with crop, see label) Group 1
Initiate (720, ZN) (chlorothalonil): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group M5
Inspire Super (difenoconazole + cyprodinil): For powdery mildew. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 9
Iprodione 4L AG (Iprodione): For Alternaria, Botrytis and Rhizoctonia diseases; sclerotinia diseases; in beans, broccoli, carrots, dry bulb onions, and lettuce; white rot of garlic, . REI 24h, Group 2
JMS Stylet-OilOG, JMS Stylet-Oil (paraffinic oil): Fungal diseases and aphid transmitted viruses. Also labeled for greenhouse use. REI 4h, Group NC
KaligreenOG (potassium bicarbonate): Powdery mildew and other foliar diseases. REI 4h, Group NC
KalmorOG (copper hydroxide): Broad spectrum bactericide and fungicide. REI 48h, Group M1
Kentan DF (copper hydroxide): Broad spectrum bactericide and fungicide. REI 48h, Group M1
K-Phite 7LP (phosphorus acid): Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildew; also labeled for greenhouse transplant production. REI 4h, Group 33
Kocide 2000, Kocide 2000-OOG, Kocide 3000, Kocide 3000-OOG (copper hydroxide): Broad spectrum bactericide and fungicide. REI 48h, Group M1
Kumulus DFOG (sulfur): Broad spectrum fungicide, particularly for powder mildew. REI 24h, Group M2
Luna Experience (fluopyram + tebuconazole): Fungal diseases on watermelon only. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7
Luna Sensation (fluopyram + trifloxystrobin): Foliar and soilborne diseases of several crops. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11
Luna Tranquility (fluopyram + pyrimethanil): For fungal diseases of potato. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 9
ManKocide (copper + mancozeb): A broad spectrum fungicide and bactericide. REI 48h, Groups M3 & M1
Manzate (Max, Pro-Stick) (mancozeb): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 24h, Group M3
MasterCop (copper sulfate pehtahydrate): A broad spectrum fungicide and bactericide. REI 48h, Group M1
Maxim 4FS (fludioxonil): A seed treatment fungicide for seed-borne and soil-borne fungi of several vegetable crops. REI 12h, Group 12
Maxim MZ (fludioxonil + mancozeb): A seed treatment fungicide for certain diseases of potato. REI 12h, Group 12
Maxim PSP (fludioxonil): A seed treatment fungicide for certain diseases of potato. REI 12h, Group 12
Merivon (fluaxapoxad + pyraclostrobin): For fungal diseases including powdery mildew. REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11
Mertect 340-F (thiabendazole ): A seed treatment for fungal seed-borne and soil-borne diseases. REI 12h, Group 1
Micora (mandipropamid): Oomycete fungicide labeled for greenhouse use. REI 4h, Group 40
Microthiol DisperssOG (sulfur): A protectant fungicide particularly useful for powdery mildew. May be used in greenhouse. REI 24h, Group M2
Microfine Sulfur (sulfur): A protectant fungicide particularly useful for powdery mildew. REI 24h, Group M2
Micro SulfOG (sulfur): A protectant fungicide particularly useful for powdery mildew. May be used in greenhouse. REI 24h, Group M2
Mildew CureOG (cottonseed, corn, and garlic oils): For powdery mildew. Group NC
MilStopOG (potassium bicarbonate): Powdery mildew and other foliar diseases of greenhouse crops. REI 1h, Group NC
M-PedeOG (insecticidal soap): Insecticide/fungicide labeled for greenhouse use. REI 12h
Moncoat MZ (flutolanil + mancozeb): Potato seed piece treatment for late blight. REI 24h, Groups 7 & M3
Moncut 70 DF (flutolanil): For control of soil-borne fungal diseases of brassicas and potatoes. REI 12h, Group 7
Mural (azoxystrobin & benzovindiflupyr): Broad-spectrum fungicide for foliar applications for greenhouse-grown vegetable transplants grown for resale to consumers - cucurbits, fruiting vegetables, tomatoes. NOT for transplants inteneted for commercial field use. REI 12h, Group 11 and 7
MycoStopOG (Streptomyces griseoviridis K61): Biological seed or soil treatment. REI 4h, Group NC
Nevado (Iprodione): For Alternaria, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia and Stemphylium diseases; sclerotinia diseases; in beans, broccoli, carrots, crucifers, dry bulb onions, potatoes, and lettuce; white rot of garlic, . REI 24h, Group 2
Nordox 75 WGOG (cuprous oxide): Copper fungicide. REI 12h, Group M1
Nu-Cop (3L, 50DFOG, 50WPOG, HBOG) (copper hydroxide): Copper fungicide. REI 48h, Group M1
Nutrol (potassium dihydrogen phosphate): Protectant fungicide for powdery mildew. REI 4h, Group 33
Nufarm T-Methyl 70WSB, 4.5F (thiophanate-methyl): A systemic fungicide with broad spectrum control. REI (aries with crop, see label), Group 1
ObtegoOG (Trichoderma aperellum, T. gamsii): Biological soil treatment for most crops. REI 4h, Group BM02
Omega 500 (fluazinam): Phytophthora disease, downy mildew, leaf spots, Sclerotina and Sclerotium diseases; late blight and white mold of potatoes. REI 48h, Group 29
Omega Top MP (fluazinam): Late blight and white mold of potatoes. REI 12h, Group 29
OrganocideOG (sesame oil): Powdery mildew. Group NC
Orius (3.6F) (tebuconazole): For onion diseases, and rusts, Powdery mildew, and other fungal diseases of select crops. REI (varies with crop, see label), Group 3
Orondis Opti (chlorothalonil + oxathiapiprolin): Diseases of cucurbits and fruiting vegetables. REI 12h, Groups M5 & 49
Orondis Opti B (chlorothalonil): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group M5
Orondis (Ultra A, Gold 200, Opti A) (oxathiapiprolin): Phytophthora diseases and downy mildew in several crops. REI 4h, Group 49
Orondis Ultra (oxathiapiprolin + mandipropamid): Phytophthora diseases and downy mildew in several crops. REI 4h, Groups 49 & 40
Orondis Ultra B (mandipropamid): Phytophthora diseases and downy mildew in several crops. REI 4h, Group 4
OSO 5% SC (polyoxin D): Broad spetrum fungicide for foliar and soilborne diseases. REI 4h, Group 19
OxiDate 2.0OG (hydrogen dioxide + peroxyacetic acid): Preventive bioicide. REI 0-1h (see label), Group NC
OxiPhos (phosphorus acid + hydrogen peroxide): Preventive bioicide. REI 4h, Groups 33 & NC
Pageant Intrinsic (pyraclostrobin + boscalid): For diseases of greenhouse-grown cucurbits, fruiting vegetables, and leafy greens; and cucurbit, fruiting vegetable, and leafy green transplants for the home consumer market only (NOT for transplants for commercial field production). REI 12h, Groups 7 & 11
Penncozeb (75DF, 80WP) (mancozeb): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 24h, Groups M3
PhD (polyoxin D): Broad spetrum fungicide for foliar and soilborne diseases. REI 4h, Group 19
Phyton 35 (copper sulfate): Copper sulfate product labeled for greenhouse use on vegetable transplants. REI 48/24h, Group M1
Phostrol (phosphorus acid): A fungicide for Pythium, Phytophthora, and Downy Mildew. REI 4h, Group 33
Polyram 80 DF (metiram): For early and late blight in potatoes. REI 24h, Group M3
Potato Seed Treater 6% (mancozeb): Potato seed piece treatment for Fusarium dry rot. REI 24h, Groups M3
PreFenceOG (Streptomyces griseoviridis K61): Biological seed or soil treatment. REI 4h, Group NC
Presidio 4SC (fluopicolide): A locally systemic fungicide effective against Phytophthora and Downy Mildews of bulb, cucurbit, fruiting, and leafy vegetables. REI 12h, Group 43
PreStopOG (Gliocladium catenulatum J1446): Preventative biological fungicide that can be incorporated into media, applied as a drench or as a foliar spray. REI 4h, Group NC
Previcur Flex (propamocarb): A fungicide for Oomycetes. Previcur should be mixed with Bravo, Maneb or Mancozeb to prevent development of resistance. REI 12h, Group 28
Priaxor (fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin): For disease control and in beans, tomato, peas, potato and corn. REI 12h, Group 7 & 11
Pristine (boscalid + pyraclostrobin): For use in bulb vegetables, carrots, cucurbits and celery. REI 12h, Group 7 & 11
PVentOG (Gliocladium catenulatum J1446): Preventative biological fungicide that can be incorporated into media, applied as a drench or as a foliar spray. REI 4h, Group NC.
Procure (triflumizole): Powdery mildew on brassica, cucurbits, and leafy vegetables. REI 24h, Group 3
Proline 480SC (prothioconazole): For diseases of corn, cucurbits, peas, and beans. REI 12h, Group 3
ProPhyte (phosphorus acid): Labeled for Pythium, Phytophthora, downy mildew. REI 4h, Group 33
PropiMax EC (propiconazole): Diseases of Allium species. REI 12h, Group 3
Quadris (azoxystrobin): A strobilurin fungicide with broad spectrum activity. REI 4h, Group 11
Quadris Opti (azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil): Broad spectrum fungicide for dry beans, cucurbit vegetables, potatoes, tomatoes, and onions. REI 12h, Group 11 & M5
Quadris Ridomil Gold (azoxystrobin + mefenoxam): Labeled for potatoes only. REI 0h, Group 11 & 4
Quadris Top (azoxystrobin + difenaconazole): Broad spectrum fungicide. REI 12h, Group 11 & 3
Quash (metraconazole): For managment of several diseases , including white mold, in beans, potato and sweet potato. REI 12h, Group 3
Quilt (azoxystrobin + propiconazole): Broad spectrum fungicide for use in carrots, celery, corn, and bulb crops. REI 12h, Group 11 & 3
Quilt Xcel (azoxystrobin + propiconazole): Broad spectrum fungicide for use in carrots, celery, corn, and bulb crops. REI 12h, Group 11 & 3
Quintec (quinoxyfen): Fungicide for control of powdery mildew in cucurbits. REI 12h, Group 13
Rally 40 SWP (myclobutanil): A fungicide for powdery mildews and rusts of vegetable crops. REI 24h, Group 3
Rampart (phosphorus acid): Labeled for Pythium, Phytophthora, downy mildew. REI 4h, Group 33
Ranman (cyazofamid): Effective against Phytophthora and downy mildew in cucurbits, tomatoes, bulb crops, and potatoes. REI 12h, Group 21
Reason 500 SC (femadione): A fungicide for use against Phytophthora, downy mildew, and white rust on tuberous and corm vegetables, tomatoes, bulb vegetables, lettuce, and cucurbit vegetables. REI 12h, Group 11
RegaliaOG (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) : Plant defense activator for fungal and bacterial diseases. REI 4h, Group P5
Reville (phosphorus acid): Labeled for Pythium, Phytophthora, downy mildew. REI 4h, Group 33
Resist (phosphorus acid): Labeled for Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, downy mildew and silver scurf in potatoes. REI 4h, Group 33
Revus (mandipropamid): For use against downy mildew on peppers, brassica, bulb crops, cucurbits, and leafy vegetables. REI 12h, Group 40
Revus Top (mandipropamid + difenoconazole): Broad spectrum fungicide for potatoes and tomatoes. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 40
Rhyme (flutriafol): Labeled for several diseases on several crops. REI 12h, Group 3
Ridomil Gold (4SL, GR) (mefenoxam): A fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, and the downy mildews. REI 48h, Group 4
Ridomil Gold Bravo SC (mefenoxam + chlorothalonil): Broad spectrum fungicide containing 4.4% metalaxyl and 72% chlorothalonil effective against both lower and true fungi. REI 48h, Groups 4 & M5
Ridomil Gold MZ 72 (mefenoxam + mancozeb): Broad spectrum fungicide containing 8% metalaxyl and 64% mancozeb effective against both lower and true fungi. REI 48h, Groups 4 & M3
Ridomil Gold Copper (mefenoxam + copper): Broad spectrum fungicide containing 4.8% metalaxyl and 60% copper hydroxide effective against both lower and true fungi. REI 48h, Groups 4 & M1
RootShield AG, WPOG (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain KRL-AG2): Biological treatment. REI 0h Group NC
RootShield GranulesOG (Trichoderma harzianum Strain T-22): Biological soil treatment. REI 0h, Group NC
RootShield Plus WP, GranulesOG (Trichoderma harzianum Strain T-22 + T. virens Strain G-41): Biological fungicide for foliar and soil treatments. REI 0h, Group NC
Roper (DF, DF Rainshield) (mancozeb): A broad spectrum fungicide. REI 24h, Groups M3
Rovral 4 F (iprodione): For Alternaria, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia and Stemphylium diseases; sclerotinia diseases; in broccoli, carrots, dry bulb onions, potatoes; white rot of garlic. REI 24h, Group 2
Scala SC (pyrimethanil): Protective fungicide for bulb, tuberous, and corm vegetables. REI 12h, Group 9
Serenade (ASOOG, OptiOG) (Bacillus subtilis QST 713): Biological protectant fungicide. REI 4h, Group 44
Sil-MATRIXOG (potassium silicate): Broad spectrum preventive fungicide. REI 4h, Group NC
SonataOG (Bacillus pumilus QST 2808): Biological protectant fungicide. REI 4h, Group NC
Sovran 50 WG (kresoxim-methyl): For powdery mildew and gummy stem blight in cucurbits. REI 4h, Group 11
Spirato (fludioxonil): For greenhouse use only on plants and transplants of listed crops. REI 12h, Group 12
Sporan EC (rosemary, clove, and thyme oils): Contact fungicide with broad crop clearance. Group NC
StargusOG (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727): Broad-spectrum preventive biological fungicide for bacterial spot and blights, botrytis blight, late blight, damping off and root rots, downy mildew (depending upon crops, see label). REI 4h, Group 44
Stratego, Stratego YLD (propiconazole + trifloxystrobin): For diseases of corn. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 11
Subdue MAXX (Mefenoxam): For greenhouse-grown transplants for retail sale to consumers. For downy mildew, and soilborne Pythium and Phytophthora diseases of cole crops, curcurbits, fruiting vegetables, leafy vegetables, and bulb crops. (NOT for transplants grown for commercial field use). REI 0/48h, Group 4
Suffoil-XOG (petroleum oils): Fungicide, insecticide, and miticide labeled for greenhouse transplant production. REI 4h, Group NC
Sulfur 6L (sulfur): For powdery mildew on many crops, rust on asparagus, and some mite pests. REI 24h, Group M6
Super Tin 80 WP (triphenyltin hydroxide): For early blight and late blight of potato (restricted use pesticide). REI 48h, Group 30
Switch 62.5 WG (cyprodinil + fludioxonil): A protective fungicide for use in beans, brassica, carrot, herbs, leafy vegetables, and onions. REI 12h, Groups 9 & 12
Taegro 2 (B. subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24): Biological for soilborne diseases in cucurbits, leafy vegetables, and fruiting vegetables. REI 4h, Group 44
Tanos 50 DF (famoxadone + cymoxanil): A penetrant fungicide with locally systemic and curative activities against Downy Mildew and late blight diseases. REI 12h, Groups 11 & 27
Terraclor 400 (PCNB): A fungicide active against soilborne true fungi labeled for greenhouse transplant production. REI 12h, Group 14
Tilt (propiconazole): A protective fungicide for diseases of beans, beets, carrots, celery, onions, and corn. REI 12h, Group 3
Topguard (flutriafol): Cucurbits, fruiting vegetables. REI (varies with crop, see label), Group 3
Topguard EQ (azoxystrobin + flutriafol): Foliar diseases of brassicas, cucurbits, leafy, and fruiting vegetables. REI 12h, Groups 11 & 3
Topsin (4.5FL, M 70 WSB) (thiophanate-methyl): A systemic fungicide with broad spectrum control. REI (varies with crop, see label), Group 1
Torino (cyflufenamid): Powdery mildew of cucurbits and strawberries. REI 4h, Group U6
Triathlon BA (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747): Microbial fungicide that can be used in the greenhouse. REI 4h, Group 44
TrilogyOG (neem oil): Various fungal diseases. REI 4h, Group NC
Trionic 4SC (triflumazole): Powdery mildew and Alternaria. Also labeled for greenhouse use. REI 24h, Group 3
Trivapro (benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin + propiconazole): Labeled for corn diseases. REI 12h, Groups 3 & 7 & 11
Ultra Flourish (mefenoxam): A fungicide active against Pythium, Phytophthora, and downy mildew. REI 48h, Group 4
Vanguard WG (cyprodinil): For management of diseases of onions. REI 12h, Group 9
Vivando (metrofenone): For powdery mildew. REI 12h, Group 50
ZeroTol 2.0OG (hydrogen dioxide): Preventive biocide labeled for greenhouse use. REI 0h (1 h spray), Group NC
Zampro 525SC (ametoctradin + dimethomorph):A fungicide for downy mildew and Phytophthora diseases of potatoes and bulb, brassica, cucurbit, fruiting, and leafy vegetables. REI 12h, Groups 40 & 45
Ziram (76DF, Excel) (ziram): For use on tomatoes for anthracnose, septoria leaf spot and early blight. Do not use on cherry tomatoes. REI 48h, Group M3
Zing! (zoxamide): for managment of diseases of cucurbits, garlic, onions, potatoes and tomatoes. REI 12h, Groups 22 & M5
Soil fumigation is the most drastic measure that growers can perform to eradicate soil-borne pests and is often a method of last resort. Fumigants are general biocides; they are effective against fungi, bacteria, nematodes, soil insects, and weed seeds. They have several serious drawbacks:
Fall is the best time to fumigate. However, it can be very effective in spring with an appropriate post-treatment waiting period. Careful attention should be paid to soil temperature and moisture, as well as time of exposure as indicated on the product label. Plowing below the depth of treatment will mix non-treated and treated soil.
Read the label carefully before using fumigants. All chemical fumigants are restricted use and require a 5-day Entry Restricted Period after application.
Telone C-17 (dichloropropene plus chloropicrin) or Telone II (dichloro-propene): 5.0-40 gal/A. Controls certain soil insects, nematodes, and soil-borne fungi. Read and follow the instructions on the label carefully.
InLine (dichloropropene plus chloropicrin): 13.0-20.5 gal/A. Controls certain soil insects, nematodes, and soil-borne fungi. Read and follow the instructions on the label carefully.
Vapam HL, (sodium methyl dithiocarbamate): 50.0-100.0 gal/A. Controls weeds, soil insects, nematodes and soil-borne fungi. Read and follow the instructions on the label carefully.
Links
[1] https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/hot-water-seed-treatment
[2] http://nevegetable.org/table-23-biorational-and-organic-disease-control-materials
[3] http://nevegetable.org/table-24-microbial-disease-control-products
[4] http://nevegetable.org/table-25-information-about-fungicides-and-bactericides
[5] https://nevegetable.org/table-28-information-about-fungicides-and-bactericides
[6] https://nevegetable.org/table-27-information-about-fungicides-and-bactericides